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TAS Revision > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the EEG changes in infantile spasms?

A

Hypsarrhythmia

A triad of high amplitude, disorganised background and multifocal discharges

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2
Q

What is the treatment of infantile spasms?

A

ACTH
Vigabatrin

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3
Q

What is the typical features of infantile spasms?

A

Age of onset - between 4-7 months

Occur on clusters
Rapid flexion of the trunk, neck and extremities

Often occurs at beginning or end of sleep

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4
Q

What are the EEG findings of absence seizures?

A

3Hz generalised spike-wave discharges

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5
Q

What is the treatment of absence seizures?

A

Ethosuximide

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6
Q

What is the prognosis of absence seizures?

A

Majority of children will grow out of them by adolescences

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7
Q

What are the features of absence seizures?

A

Presentation between 4-10 years of age

Staring, lack of a postictal state
Automatisms

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8
Q

What are the features of benign Rolandic epilepsy?

A

Seizures soon after sleep onset or just before awakening

Onset between 4-11 years
Facial twitching and drooling

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9
Q

What is the treatment of benign rolandic epilepsy?

A

Spontaneously remit

If Tx is considered - 1st line is carbamazepine

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10
Q

Which condition presents with jerking movements of the upper extremities upon awakening?

A

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

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11
Q

What are the EEG findings in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A

EEG 4-6Hz (spike and polyspike wave)

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12
Q

What is the treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A

Sodium valproate

May also consider lamotrigine or levetiracetam

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13
Q

What is the treatment of choice for partial seizures?

A

1st line - Carbamazepine
2nd line - Levetiracetam (can be given alongside COCP)

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14
Q

What is the treatment of choice for generalised tonic clonic seizures?

A

1st line - Sodium valproate
2nd line - Levetiracetam

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15
Q

What are the common side effects of ethosuximide?

A

GI upset
Leukopenia

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16
Q

What are the common side effects of carbamazepine?

A

Rash - SJS
SIADH/ hyponatraemia
Hepatotoxicity
Leucopenia

17
Q

What are the common side effects of phenytoin?

A

Zero order kinetics - the rate of elimination is constant regardless of the plasma concentration of the drug

Hirsutism
Gum hypertrophy
Teratogenic

18
Q

What are the common side effects of Lamotrigine?

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

19
Q

What are the side effects of sodium valproate?

A

Weight gain
Tremor
Hair loss
Dose related thrombocytopenia
Hepatotoxicity

Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy

20
Q

What are the side effects of topiramate?

A

Closed angle glaucoma

21
Q

What is Sandifier syndrome?

A

Back arching, dystonic posturing of the limbs - may be provoked by feeding or lying flat (may be alleviated by sitting up)

Due to GORD

22
Q

What is the origin of the nerves and skin?

23
Q

Where do neurocutaneous conditions originate embryologically from?

24
Q

What is the inheritance of NF1?

A

Autosomal dominant
Mutation on chromosome 17
Onset in childhood

25
What are the diagnostic criteria of NF1?
2 or more of the following: - 6 or more cafe-au-lait spots (>5mm in pre-pubertal, >15mm in post-pubertal) - Axillary of inguinal freckling - Two or more iris/ lisch nodules - Distinctive bony lesion (sphenoid dysplasia) - Two or more neurofibromas - Optic glioma (<6 years) - 1st degree relative with NF1
26
What complications can occur in neurofibromatosis type 1?
Renal vascular stenosis Phaeochromocytoma
27
What is the inheritance of NF2?
Autosomal dominant Mutation in chromosome 22
28
What is the inheritance of tuberous sclerosis?
Autosomal dominant Mutation on chromosome 9 and 16
29
What are the main features of tuberous sclerosis?
Ash leaf spots Shagreen patch Periungal fibromas Facial angiofibromas Cardiac rhambdomyoma Renal and pulmonary angiomyolipomas Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
30
What are the clinical features of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?
Facial port wine stain in V1, V2 or even V3 distribution of the trigeminal nerve Glaucoma Seizures May develop ipsilateral cerebral leptomeningealangioma - may calcify over time and cause tram track/ railroad calcifications on CT scan
31
Which conditions are commonly associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome?
Developmental delay Learning disabilities ADHD Contralateral hemiparesis Soft tissue hypertrophy Hemianopia
32
What are the EEG findings in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?
Burst suppression
33
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Ipsilateral loss of vibration, weakness and position sense and contralateral loss of temperature and pain sensation
34
Is Bells palsy upper or lower motor neurone related?
Lower motor neurone palsy Forehead is included
35

TAS Revision (14 decks)

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