Respiratory Medicine Flashcards
(28 cards)
Define vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration
Define inspiratory reserve volume?
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal tidal inspiration
Define functional residual capacity?
The volume of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration
Define expiratory resave volume?
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a normal tidal expiration
Define residual volume?
The volume of air remaining after maximal expiration
Define total lung capacity?
The total volume of air in the lungs following a maximal inspiration
Which condition most commonly causes epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae B
Describe the pathophysiology of epiglottitis?
- Organisms reside in the nasopharynx and infiltrate towards the epiglottis
- Inflammation and oedema begin on the submucosa of the lingual surface of the epiglottis
- The swelling narrows the airway and spreads to involve the aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids and the supraglottic larynx
- These areas are highly vascularised with a large volume of lymphoid tissue, contributing to the rapid progression of swelling
What is the pathophysiology of hearing?
- Sound enters the external auditory canal and causes the ear drum to vibrate
- The malleus, incus and stapes amplify the sound of the cochlea
- Causes movement of fluid within the cochlea which stimulates hair cells on top of the basilar membrane
- The auditory nerve connects the cochlea to the brain which sends these impulses to be heard as sound
What is the meaning of forced vital capacity (FVC)?
The volume of air expired after full inspiration with maximum expiratory effort
What is the meaning of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)?
The volume of air expired after full inspiration with maximum expiratory effort in 1 second
What is the meaning of FEV1/FVC ratio?
The percentage of viral capacity which is expired in the first second of the maximum expiration
What spirometer findings would be seen in a restrictive pulmonary condition?
Normal/ high FEV1/FVC ratio
Low FVC
What spirometry findings would be seen in obstructive pulmonary conditions?
Low FEV1/FVC ratio
Normal FVC
What type of respiratory condition would a concave flow volume loop suggest?
Obstructive
Where is the level of obstruction if inspiratory stridor is heard?
Above the glottis
Where is the level of obstruction if biphasic stridor is audible (inspirstory and expiratory)?
At or immediately below the glottis
Which respiratory condition can be associated with right sided aortic arch or double aortic arch?
Vascular Ring
Which associated cardiac condition should patients with vascular ring be investigated for?
DiGeorge Syndrome
(Chromosome 22p11 deletion)
How does vocal cord paralysis present?
Weak cry - at birth this should be considered as vocal cord paralysis until proven otherwise
Biphasic stridor - improves when lying down on the affected side
Which investigation is used to look for vocal cord problems?
Flexible laryngoscope
What is a laryngeal web?
Incomplete recanalisation of the laryngeal lumen during embryogenesis
What is the treatment of laryngeal haemangioma?
Propranolol for months to years
What is the most common cause of respiratory neoplasm in children?
Laryngeal papillomas
