Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3A med mine > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Aside from levodopa, what medication groups might be used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors(MAO-B inhibitors)
COMT inhibitors
Dopamine agonists
Amantadine
Anticholinergics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aside from medications, what treatments are available for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deep brain stimulation
Physio, SALT, OT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what vertebral level is an LP taken?

A

L3/L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe CSF analysis indicative of a bacterial infection

A

Opening pressure: High
Appearance: cloudy/yellow
Glucose: serum: low(<50%)
Protein: High: >1g/L
WWC: high-neutrophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe CSF analysis indicative of a fungal/TB infection

A

Opening pressure: High
Appearance: cloudy/fibrous
Glucose: serum: low(<50%)
Protein: High: >1g/L
WWC: high-lymphocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe CSF analysis indicative of viral infection

A

Opening pressure: normal
Appearance: clear/cloudy
Glucose: serum:high: >60%
Protein: normal
WWC: high-lymphocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define a TIA

A

Sudden onset focal neurological deficit with a vascular aetiology typically lasting <1hr but always <24 hours
Completely resolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Descirbe the clinical features of Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Ipsilateral weakness below lesion
Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and virbation sensation
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Descirbe the symptoms of a Wallenberg’s stroke

A

Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in face
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in trunks and limbs
Ipsilateral cerebellar signs
Ipsilateral bulbar muscle weakness
Diplopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe a focal saware seizure

A

Patients retain consciousness experiencing only focal symtpoms
Usually no ictal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe a focal seizure with impaired awareness

A

Patients lose consciousness, usually post an aure or at seizure onset
Commonly originate from the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a myoclonic seizure

A

Sudden jerks of a limb, trunk or face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe a secondary generalised seizure

A

Focal seizure that evolves into a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe a tonic clonic seizure

A

Loss of consciousness
Stiffening(tonic) and jerking(clonic) of limbs
Post-ictal confusion common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe an absence seizure

A

Brief pauses for <10 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe an atonic seizure

A

Sudden loss of muscle otne causing the patient to fall with consciousness retained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe some potential signs/symptoms of brain metastases

A

Headache: worse on waking, lying down or with coughing/straining
Raised ICP
Neuro deficits
Cushing’s reflex
Systemic: weight loss, night sweats, fevers etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the acute management of a cluster headache

A

100% oxygen-usually effective in <10 minutes
SC triptan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the acute management of a migraine

A

Avoid triggers
Oral triptan +NSAID OR oral triptan+ paracetemol(may use nasal tripatn especially in younger people
Non-oral metoclopramide or prochlorperazine and add non-oral NSAID/triptan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the acute management of an ischamic stroke

A

Rule out haemorrhagic: NCCT head
Aspirin 300mg orall/rectally
<4.5 hours post onset: thrombolysis with IV alteplase
CT/MRI angiography
Mechanical thrombectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the acute management of an MS flare?

A

High dose IV methylprednisolone for 5 days
Reduce duration or relapse not severity
Rule out infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the aetiology of a brain abscess

A

Usually contiguous spread of infection from sinusitis, otitis media or dental infection
Haematogenous spread from distant sources; endocardities etc
Direct inoculation: trauma/neurosurgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the aetiology of a TIA

A

MC: Embolism: often from atherosclerotic plaques in the heart
Lacunar
Haemodynamic compromise(stenosis of major artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the aetiology of acoustic neuroma

A

Develop from Schwann cells of vestibulocochlear nerve
Majority are sporadic cases
Can be associated with NF2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the aetiology of Bell's palsy
Unknown Linked to HSV1 ebv vzv
26
Describe the aetiology of Charcot neuropathy
DM(mc)-> microvascular disease, autonomic and peropheral neuropathy-> cumulative damage to joints Also: Chronic alcohol abuse Syringomyelia Syphilis
27
Describe the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome
Unknown Triggers like EBV Psychological stress
28
Describe the aetiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Chronic hyperglycaemia-> accumulation of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways
29
Describe the aetiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
X linked recessive-> mutation in dystrophin genes
30
Describe the aetiology of encephalitis
HSV1 responsible for 95% of cases in adults Also: HSV2, CMV, EBV, VZV, HIV Autoimmune encephalitis: NMDA receptor antibody associated encephalitis
31
Describe the aetiology of epilepsy
Idiopathic generalised epilepsy :Childhood absence Juvenile absence Juvenile myoclonic generalised tonic clonic Structural: Stroke Trauma Malformations Genetic Infectious Metabolic Immune Unknown
32
Describe the aetiology of essential tremorr
Not fully understood 50% of cases have an autosomal dominant trait
33
Describe the aetiology of Guillain Barre syndrome
1-3 weeks post infection-mc Campylobacter Others: mycoplasma and EBV 40% idiopathic Others: CMV, HIC, hepatitis A, vaccinations
34
Describe the aetiology of herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Varicella zoster virus which remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion following chickenpox, reactivates andn spreads along the opthlamic division of the trigeminal nerve
35
Describe the aetiology of Huntington's disease
Autosonomal dominant mutation involving excessive repetition of CAG nucelotide in huntingtin gene Gradual degeneration of caudate nucleus and putamen
36
Describe the aetiology of ischaemic strokes
Thrombotic: thrombus wihtin artery supplying blood to brain(atherosclerosis) Embolic: embolus from elsewhere in the body
37
Describe the aetiology of meniere's disease
Dilatoin of endolymphatic spaces of membranous labyrinth resulting in an increased fluid pressure within the inner ear
38
Describe the aetiology of MS
Combination of genetic and environmental factors including potential viral pathogens CD4 mediated destruction og oligodendrogial cells and humoral response to myelin binding protein
39
Describe the aetiology of neurofibromatosis type 1
Mutation on chromosome 17 which codes for neurofibromin(tumour suppressor protein)
40
Describe the aetiology of neurofibromatosis type 2
Mutation on chromosome 22->merlin-> tumour suppressor protein important in schwann cells resultling in schwannomas
41
Describe the aetiology of SAH
MC: head injury LC: spontaenous Berry aneurysm: 85% of cases AVM's Pituitary apoplexy Myocitic(infective) aneurysms
42
Describe the aetiology of sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
Anything that can cause B12 deficiency: Pernicious anaemia Malabsorption syndromes Dietary deficiencies Recreational nitrous oxide inhalation
43
Describe the aetiology of trigeminal neuralgia
Primary-idiopathic or secondary Secondary causes include: Malignancy-nerve compression AVM MS Sarcoidosis Lyme disease
44
Describe the causes of mononeuropathies
Fixed: Nerve compression against hard surface, entrapment of nerves in narrow anatomical spaces Transient: Repetitive actions that cause trauma to neuron
45
Describe the clinical features of a cluster headache
Severe intense stabbing sharp pain aorund one eye Conjunctival lacrimation, redness, lid swelling Mitosis/ptosis Attacks last 15 minutes-2 hours Generally attacks in clusters for 4-12 weeks then remission for months/years
46
Describe the clinical features of a tension headache
Episodic primary headache 'tight band' or pressure sensation, usually bilateral Lower intensity than migraine No aura, n+v Related to stress May co-exist with migraine
47
Describe the clinical features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Non-pulsatile bilateral headaches, worse in the morning or after bending forwards Morning vomiting Visual disturbances: transient visual darkening/loss-> optic nerve ischaemia Bilateral papilloedema on fundoscopy 6th nerve palsy: horizontal diplopia Pulsatile tinnituss Photopsia
48
Describe the clinical features of narcolepsy
Typical onset in teenage years Hypersomnolence Cataplexy(sudden loss of muscle tone often triggered by emotion) Sleep paralysis Vivid hallucinations on going to sleep/waking up
49
Describe the clinical features of normal pressure hydrocephalus
'Wet, wacky and wobbly' Incontinence Dementia Magnetic gait-often appear as though 'stuck' can't lift feet off floor
50
Describe the direct movement pathway in the substantia nigra
Excitatory Increases thalamus activity-> increase movement
51
Describe the drivinfg rules for a patient with a TIA
Cannot drive until seen by a specialist If dr happy and no lasting effects: cand rive again after 1 month If lorry/bus: 1 year
52
Describe the epidemiology of a cluster headache
Middle aged men Smokers Related to nocturnal sleep Can be triggered by alcohol
53
Describe the epidemiology of a subdural haemorrhage
Elderly: >65 years Infants-shaken baby
54
Describe the epidemiology of a TIA
Peak >70 years M>F
55
Describe the epidemiology of bell's palsy
Peak incidence: 15-45 years Higher prevalence in pregnant women
56
Describe the epidemiology of central venous sinus thrombosis
F>M 20-35yrs
57
Describe the epidemiology of charcot arthropathy
MC in pts with long standing DM Middle aged and elderly population
58
Describe the epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome
Peak: 30-40 years F:M:2:1
59
Describe the epidemiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Common complication of both types of diabetes Occurs in 50% of long term diabetic patients Risk increases with duration of diabetes and poor glycaemic control
60
Describe the epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Males predominnalty affected with females are carreirs(X linked)

3A med mine (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions