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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Canine Brain

A
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2
Q

Canine Brain

A
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3
Q

Canine Brain

A
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4
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the oral cavity and pharynx?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X)

These nerves are connected via the solitary fasciculus (aka solitary tract or tractus solitarius or fasciculus solitarius is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla oblongata).

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5
Q

Where is the swallowing center located?

A

In the lateral reticular formation

Upper motor neuron

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6
Q

What muscles in regard to the tongue does the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervate?

A

Mylohyoideus and digastricus muscles

These muscles control the elevation of the base of the tongue.

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the voluntary muscles of the oral cavity?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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8
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervate?

A

The Pharynx

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9
Q

Which structures does the Vagus nerve (CN X) innervate?

A

Pharynx, Larynx (via recurrent laryngeal nerve), Esophagus

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10
Q

What does the Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) innervate?

A

The Tongue

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11
Q

What is the nature of the respiratory center mentioned in regardess to swallowing center?

A

Inhibitory

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12
Q

What type of swelling is cytotoxic edema?

A

Intracellular swelling in presence of normal blood-brain barrier

Cytotoxic edema is a type of brain swelling that occurs when cells in the brain take in excessive water, causing them to expand and swell.

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13
Q

What causes cytotoxic edema?

A

Failure of cell membrane ion pumps leading to excessive entry of sodium and water

Cytotoxic edema is a type of brain swelling that occurs when cells in the brain take in excessive water, causing them to expand and swell.

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14
Q

What conditions are associated with cytotoxic edema?

A
  • Ischemia and hypoxia (contusions, vascular disease, repeated seizures)
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Intoxication

Cytotoxic edema is a type of brain swelling that occurs when cells in the brain take in excessive water, causing them to expand and swell.

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15
Q

Which cell type is most affected by cytotoxic edema?

A

Astrocytes

Cytotoxic edema is a type of brain swelling that occurs when cells in the brain take in excessive water, causing them to expand and swell.

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16
Q

What type of brain matter is vasogenic edema largely confined to?

A

white matter

Vasogenic edema primarily affects the white matter of the brain.

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17
Q

What causes vasogenic edema?

A

increased vascular permeability

This condition leads to the accumulation of extracellular fluid.

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18
Q

Name the four causes of vasogenic edema.

A
  • Contusion
  • Inflammatory disease
  • Vascular disease
  • Compressive diseases like neoplasia

Each of these conditions can contribute to the development of vasogenic edema.

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19
Q

What does contusion of the spinal cord or brain cause?

A

Primary mechanical damage to the CNS and initiates a chain of biochemical events

This leads to neuronal and glial cell necrosis and apoptosis (secondary injury) and an inflammatory response.

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20
Q

What is secondary injury in neuronal injury?

A

Biochemical events following primary injury leading neuronal and glial cell necrosis and apoptosis.

Involves an inflammatory response.

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21
Q

List the changes that occur during secondary injury.

A
  • Intracellular ion increase (Na, Cl, Ca) -> Cytotoxic edema
  • Decreased astrocyte uptake of glutamate -> Increased levels of glutamate causing excitotoxicity

These changes lead to cell death.

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22
Q

What is cytotoxic edema?

A

Swelling of cells due to increased intracellular ions

This is a consequence of secondary injury.

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23
Q

What causes excitotoxicity in neuronal injury?

A

Increased levels of glutamate due to decreased astrocyte uptake

This results in excitatory cell death.

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24
Q

True or False: Primary injury leads directly to inflammatory response.

A

False

Primary injury initiates biochemical events that lead to secondary injury and inflammation.

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25
Fill in the blank: The increase of intracellular ions during secondary injury includes _______.
[Na, Cl, Ca]
26
What is the flow pathway of CSF from the lateral ventricles to the spinal cord?
Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramina → third ventricles → mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space via lateral apertures OR caudally to enter the central canal of the spinal cord ## Footnote Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is primarily produced by the choroid plexus in teh ventricles
27
Where is CSF located in the central nervous system?
In the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater
28
What are the main components of CSF?
Ultrafiltrate of plasma Low protein Low cellularity Glucose (lower than peripheral glucose) Electrolytes
29
True or False: CSF has a high protein content.
False ## Footnote low protein
30
What is the significance of CSF being lower in cellularity compared to peripheral blood?
Indicates a lower immune cell presence in CSF
31
What is the role of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle?
Allows CSF to enter the subarachnoid space
32
What structure connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Mesencephalic aqueduct
33
What happens to CSF once it reaches the fourth ventricle?
It can enter the subarachnoid space or the central canal of the spinal cord ## Footnote Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is primarily produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
34
What are the main functional divisions of the brain?
Forebrain, Brainstem, Cerebellum ## Footnote These divisions categorize the brain based on functionality.
35
What is the other name for the Forebrain?
Prosencephalon ## Footnote The Forebrain is also referred to as the Prosencephalon.
36
What structures are included in the Telencephalon?
Cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Olfactory bulb ## Footnote The Telencephalon encompasses major regions of the brain.
37
What is the function of the Corpus callosum?
Interneurons that connect the two hemispheres - coordinate movement ## Footnote It facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
38
What are corticocortical fibers?
Also known as **association fibers**, are white matter tracts that connect different areas within the same cerebral hemisphere, facilitating communication and integration of information between various cortical regions. ## Footnote These fibers play a role in integrating information across various brain regions.
39
What does the Internal capsule connect?
A bundle of nerve fibers, connects the cerebral cortex with the brainstem, spinal cord, and other subcortical structures, acting as a major pathway for both motor and sensory information. ## Footnote It is a crucial pathway for information traveling to and from the cerebral cortex.
40
What structures are included in the Diencephalon?
Hypothalamus, Thalamus ## Footnote The Diencephalon is responsible for relay and control of various autonomic functions.
41
What is the other name for the Midbrain/ rostral brainstem?
Mesencephalon ## Footnote The Midbrain is also known as the Mesencephalon and is part of the brainstem.
42
What is the Rhombencephalon also known as?
Hindbrain ## Footnote The Rhombencephalon includes structures that are critical for basic life functions.
43
What is the Metencephalon?
Part of the Rhombencephalon that includes the Pons (ventral brainstem) and Cerebellum ## Footnote It plays a significant role in motor control and coordination.
44
What is the Myelencephalon?
Part of the Rhombencephalon that includes the Medulla oblongata (caudal brainstem) ## Footnote It is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.
45
What connects medulla oblongata to cerebellum?
Inferior peduncle
46
47
Vagus nerve % of parasympathetic to body?
75%
48
Immune/Phagocytic cell of the CNS?
Microglia ## Footnote Are resident macrophages that act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the brain and spinal cord.
49
Microglia release what?
Microglial cells release: * IL-1 * TNF-a * H2O2 * NO * Proteinases
50
The Monro-Kellie doctrine, a fundamental principle in neurophysiology, states that the sum of the volumes of ____ , ____ , and ____ is constant within the rigid skull, meaning an increase in one component necessitates a decrease in the others to maintain a stable intracranial pressure.
* brain tissue * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * intracranial blood
51
The Monro-Kellie doctrine, a fundamental principle in neurophysiology, states that the sum of the volumes of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and intracranial blood is constant within the rigid skull, meaning an increase in one component necessitates a ____ in the others to maintain a stable intracranial pressure.
Decrease
52
Which cells make up BBB?
* endothelial cells (tight junctions between cells) * astrocyte * a basal lamina * pericytes * perivascular microglia
53
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
* stifle extension (cranial thigh muscles) * saphenous n. (medial limb sensation) * hip flexion (rectus femoris)
54
What signs are noted with injury to the Sciatic nerve innervate?
* Plantigrade (tibial nerve dysfunction) * Sensation of the paw on the dorsal surface (fibular nerve dysfunction) ## Footnote however, the limb can support weight if the femoral nerve is intact because the stifle joint can be extended for weight support.
55
Patellar reflex test for what major nerve of the hind limb?
Femoral Nerve (L4-L6) **Most reliable reflex**
56
If the patellar tendon reflex is hyporeflexive does it mean UMN or LMN?
LMN ## Footnote If hyperreflexive = UMN
57
Withdrawal of the forequater evaluated which vertebral nerves?
C6-T2 * Dorsal Thoracic * Axillary * Musculocutaneous * Median * Ulnar * Radial ## Footnote Flexion Shoulder, Elbow, Carpus, digits
58
With drawal of the hinWithdrawal of the hindlimbs evaluated which vertebral nerves?dlimbs
L6-S1 - Sciatic n. - A patient can walk w/ sciatic paralysis but is plantigrade (Tibial n. dysfunction), and paw is misplaced on the dr surface (fibular n. dysfunction) ## Footnote Can support wt if the Femoral n. is intact (stifle extension)
59
Cutaneous Trunci
* C8 and T1 → Synapse on LMN of both lateral thoracic n. * Begins at ilium ## Footnote Reflex preserved for 1-2 vertebral bodies caudal to the level of the spinal cord lesion - nerves travel cranially before entering the vertebral column
60
Which cranial nerves exit from cribriform plate and optic foramen.?
I, II
61
What are the exit points for cranial nerves III and IV?
Orbital fissure ## Footnote These nerves exit from the midbrain (rostral brainstem).
62
Which cranial nerve exits through the orbital fissure?
VI ## Footnote This nerve is associated with the mid and caudal brainstem.
63
List the exit points for cranial nerve V.
* Ophthalmic → orbital fissure * Maxillary → round foramen * Mandibular → oval foramen ## Footnote This nerve has three branches with different exit points.
64
Where does cranial nerve VII exit?
Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen ## Footnote This nerve is involved with facial functions.
65
Which cranial nerve remains within the temporal bone after exiting?
VIII ## Footnote This nerve exits through the internal acoustic meatus.
66
What is the exit point for cranial nerves IX, X, and XI?
Tympano-occipital fissure ## Footnote These nerves exit from the mid and caudal brainstem.
67
What is the exit point for cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal canal ## Footnote This nerve is involved in tongue movement.
68
What is the dens or odontoid process, it lies within the vertebral foramen of the atlas and is held by ligaments.
True
69
What is the function of the transverse ligament?
It prevents dorsal movement into the vertebral canal but allows rotational movement. ## Footnote Transverse ligament - Yellow
70
Which bone is the dens connected to by the apical ligament?
The basioccipital bone. ## Footnote Apical ligament - green
71
What do the bilateral alar ligaments connect?
They connect the dens to the occipital condyles. ## Footnote Bilateral alar ligaments - purple
72
What does the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament join?
It joins the dorsal arch of the atlas and the craniodorsal spine of the axis. ## Footnote Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament - orange
73
Based on studies, which ligaments provide the most important stabilization against ventrodorsal shearing?
The alar ligaments. ## Footnote Bilateral alar ligaments - purple
74
What is cervical spondylomyelopathy commonly known as? ## Footnote Cervical Compression
Wobbler syndrome ## Footnote It is a condition affecting dogs, particularly their cervical spine.
75
What are the two main forms of cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM)?
1. Osseous-associated CSM (OA-CSM) 2. Disc-associated CSM (DA-CSM) ## Footnote These forms differ based on their underlying causes and the age of the affected dogs.
76
Which breed type is more commonly affected by osseous-associated CSM (OA-CSM)?
Young giant breeds ## Footnote OA-CSM is particularly prevalent in large dog breeds during their early development.
77
Which breed type is more prevalent for disc-associated CSM (DA-CSM)?
Older large breeds ## Footnote DA-CSM typically affects larger dogs as they age.
78
Cervical spondylomyelopathy osseous cause?
Cause: Spinal cord compression due to bony structures, particularly the articular processes, surrounding the spinal cord.
79
Cervical spondylomyelopathy disc associated cause?
Cause: Spinal cord and nerve root compression due to intervertebral disc protrusion.
80
Ligament noted during a V-slot approach?
Dorsal longitudinal ligament
81
Functional Classification of Peripherial Neurons?
**Afferent Sensory Somatic** * Somatic * Visceral * Proprioceptive **Efferent Motor** * Somatic * Visceral
82
Name the Autonomic Plexuses of the Abdominal Region.
- Cellaco mesentric - Hepatic - Splenic - Left gastric - Phrenic-abdominal - Adrenal - Renal - Cranial mesentric - Aortic - Testicular - Utero-ovarian - Caudal mesentric
83
Vagus nerve innervate what organs?
**Vagus provide 75% of Parasympathetic** * Heart & Lungs * Recurrent laryngeal Nerve (larynx, esophagus, trachea) * Abdominal viscera ## Footnote Originates from the medulla oblongata (brainstem) and exits the skull through the jugular foramen
84
Where does the Vagus originates from and exit the skull?
Vagus originates from the medulla oblongata (brainstem) and exits the skull through the jugular foramen

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