Urinary

Question 1

Lumen diameter of a nonobstructed distal feline ureter?

Answer 1

0.4 mm

Question 2

General diameter of a normal canine ureter?

Answer 2

0.07 times the length of the L2 vertebral body

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

How many days does bladder mucosa take to reepithelialize?

Answer 5

2-4 days

This process is essential for the recovery of the bladder after injury.

Question 6

In how many days does the bladder mucosa regain 100% of its unwounded strength?

Answer 6

21 days

Full strength recovery is crucial for the bladder’s function post-injury.

Question 7

What percentage of canine kidneys are supplied by multiple renal arteries?

Answer 7

13%

This indicates a variation from the typical single renal artery supply.

Question 8

What percentage of feline kidneys are supplied by multiple renal arteries?

Answer 8

10%

This suggests that similar to canines, a minority of felines have multiple renal arteries.

Question 9

Which kidney is more likely to have multiple renal arteries?

Answer 9

Left kidney

This anatomical variation is important for surgical considerations.

Question 10

What is the starting point of renal arterial supply?

Answer 10

Aorta

The aorta is the main artery from which renal arteries branch off.

Question 11

What branches arise from the renal artery at the renal hilus?

Answer 11

Dorsal & ventral branches

These branches supply different regions of the kidney.

Question 12

How many interlobar arteries typically branch from the renal artery?

Answer 12

3-7

The number of interlobar arteries can vary between individuals.

Question 13

Where do the arcuate arteries form?

Answer 13

Corticomedullary junction

This junction is where the cortex meets the medulla in the kidney.

Question 14

What do interlobar arteries give rise to?

Answer 14

Afferent glomerular arterioles

Afferent arterioles lead to the glomeruli where filtration occurs.

Question 15

What structures are formed by the afferent glomerular arterioles?

Answer 15

Glomerular tufts

Glomerular tufts are networks of capillaries where blood filtration takes place.

Question 16

What type of arterioles follow the glomerular tufts?

Answer 16

Efferent glomerular arterioles

Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomeruli.

Question 17

What do efferent glomerular arterioles supply?

Answer 17

Intertubular capillaries

AKA peritubular capillaries
## Footnote

These capillaries surround the nephron tubules for nutrient and waste exchange.

Question 18

What is the final destination of blood in the renal venous system?

Answer 18

Caudal Vena Cava

The blood is ultimately drained from the kidneys into the systemic circulation.

Question 19

What is the length of the urethra?

Answer 19

8.5-10.5 cm long

Question 20

What is the diameter of the pre-and post-prostatic urethra?

Answer 20

2 mm in diameter

Question 21

At what level does the urethra narrow to 1.3 mm?

Answer 21

At the level of the bulbourethral glands

Question 22

To what diameter does the urethra narrow at the penile urethra?

Answer 22

0.7 mm

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The pre-and post-prostatic urethra has a diameter of _______.

Answer 23

2 mm

Question 24

True or False: The urethra narrows to 0.7 mm at the bulbourethral glands.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

What is the diameter of the urethra at the bulbourethral glands?

Answer 25

1.3 mm

Question 26

What is the primary hormone produced by the glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 26

Mineralocorticoids aka aldosterone ## Footnote Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body.

Question 27

What hormones are produced by the fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids aka cortisol ## Footnote Cortisol is involved in metabolism and stress response.

Question 28

What is the primary function of the reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 28

Produces sex hormones (minimal) ## Footnote These hormones include androgens and estrogens.

Question 29

What type of cells in the adrenal medulla produce norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Answer 29

Chromaffin cells ## Footnote Chromaffin cells are derived from neural crest cells.

Question 30

What is the approximate ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine production in cats?

Answer 30

EPI 70% and NEPI 30% ## Footnote This indicates a higher production of epinephrine in cats compared to norepinephrine.

Question 31

What is the approximate ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine production in dogs?

Answer 31

EPI 60% and NEPI 40% ## Footnote This shows a slightly lower production of epinephrine compared to cats.

Question 32

How much more potent is epinephrine on beta receptors compared to norepinephrine?

Answer 32

20x more potent ## Footnote This potency difference influences the physiological effects of these hormones.