Neurology 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The 12 Cranial Nerves
A
- Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
2
Q
Cranial Nerves: Sensory
A
CN 1, 2, 8
3
Q
The exit point of CN V3
A
Mandibular Division: Foramen Ovale
4
Q
Cranial Nerves: Motor
A
CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12
5
Q
The exit point of CN III-VI
A
Superior Orbital Fissure
6
Q
Cranial Nerves: Vagal system
A
CN 10, 9, 7, 1 (1971)
7
Q
Cranial Nerves: Midbrain
A
CN 3 and 4
8
Q
The exit point of CN XII
A
Hypoglossal Canal
9
Q
Cranial Nerves: Diencephalon
A
CN 2
10
Q
The exit point of CN VII - VIII
A
Internal Acoustic Meatus (IAM)
11
Q
Cranial Nerves: Telencephalon
A
CN 1
12
Q
The exit point of CN I
A
Cribriform plate of Ethmoid
13
Q
Cranial Nerves: Parasympathetic
A
CN 10, 9, 7, 3 (1973)
14
Q
Cranial Nerves: Medulla Oblongata
A
CN 9, 10, 11, and 12
15
Q
The exit point of CN V2
A
Maxillary Division: Foramen Rotundum
16
Q
Cranial Nerves: Mixed
A
CN 10, 9, 7, 5 (1975)
17
Q
Cranial Nerves: Pons
A
CN 5, 6, 7, and 8
18
Q
The exit point of CN IX - XI
A
Jugular Foramen
19
Q
The exit point of CN II
A
Optic Canal
20
Q
Structures that exit Foramen Magnum
A
Spinal part of CN XII, Right & Left Vertebral Artery, Medulla Oblongata
21
Q
Pathology of CN 1
A
Anosmia
22
Q
Unilateral Anosmia is due to the affectation of what structures?
A
Olfactory bulb or tract
23
Q
What causes Bilateral Anosmia?
A
Problems with mucus membrane (cold and allergy)
24
Q
Two reflexes facilitated by Optic Nerve
A
Pupillary Light and Accommodation
25
Reflex based on the changes on the pupil in relation to the distance of the object
Accommodation Reflex
26
Reflex based on the constriction of pupil upon lighting the eye
Pupillary Light Reflex
27
Accommodation reflex: Near object
Lens Thicker, Converge, Pupil Constrict
28
In bright to dark light changes, how long before the eye adapts?
20 minutes
29
In dark to bright light changes, how long before the eye adapts?
5 minutes
30
5 refraction error pathology
Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia, Nyctalopia
31
Near-sightedness
Myopia
32
Hardened lens due to old age
Presbyopia
33
Far-sightedness
Hyperopia
34
Night blindness due to decrease Vit A
Nyctalopia
35
Lesions in refractory system
Astigmatism
36
2 intraocular pressure pathology
Glaucoma and Cataract
37
Peripheral dark spot
Glaucoma
38
Central dark spot
Cataract
39
Visual Pathway
BA 17 (Visual Cortex) > Optic Radiation > Optic Tract > Optic Chiasma > Optic Nerve
40
Lesion at Optic Radiation
(+) C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa
41
Lesion at Optic Nerve
(+) I/L Monocular Blindness
42
(+) C/L Homonymous Hemianopsia
Lesion at Optic Tract, Optic Radiation, and BA 17
43
Lesion at Optic Chiasma
(+) Bitemporal Hemianospia
44
2 fibers of Optic Radiation
Parietal and Temporal Fibers
45
Superior Fiber Lesion
Parietal = Inferior C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa
46
Inferior FIber Lesion
Temporal = Superior C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa
47
Assessment for Visual Acquity
Card (near) and Snellen Chart (far)
48
Distance for Snellen Chart assessment
20 ft or 6 m
49
Assessment for Visual Field
Confrontation test
50
Assessment for Color Vision
Ishihara's
51
How to assess glaucoma and cataract
Intraocular Pressure = Tonometry
52
How to assess astigmatism and presbyopia
Refracting System = Retinoscopy
53
4 muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve
EOM, Levator Palpabrae Superioris, Pupillary Muscle, and Cillary Muscle
54
Subjective Double Vision
Diplopia
55
The weakness of Medial Rectus
External Strabismus
56
Unequal Pupil Size
Argyll Robertson Pupil
57
Paralysis of the eye
Ophthalmoplegia
58
The weakness of constrictor pupillae
(-) Pupillary light and Accommodation Reflex
59
Reacting Affective Pupil Dilation
Marcus Gunn Pupil
60
Weakness of Levator Palpabrae
Ptosis
61
Ptosis is common in what type of condition?
Myasthenia Gravis
62
Internal Ophthalmoplegia
Spared EOM and Paralyzed Constrictor Papillae
63
Argyll Robertson Pupil Manifestation
ARP: Accommodation Reflex Present + Pupillary Light Reflex Absent
64
External Ophthalmoplegia
Paralyzed EOM and Spared Constrictor Papillae
65
What muscles are working when you look at the left side?
(R) MR and (L) LR
66
What muscles are working when you look at the right and upward?
(R) SR and (L) IO
67
What muscles are working when you look at the left and downward?
(R) SO and (L) IR
68
Pupillary Light Reflex: Afferent Nerve
CN II
69
Pupillary Light Reflex: Efferent Nerve
CN III
70
Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated however the (L) pupil constricted
Lesion at (R) CN 3
71
Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened. Then, light is shown in the (L) eye, the (L) pupil constricted and consensual reflex happened on the (R) eye.
Lesion and (R) CN 2
72
Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened. Then, light is shown in the (L) eye but the (L) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened.
Lesion at CN 3
73
Muscle supplied by Trochlear Nerve
SO4: Superior Oblique
74
Trochlear nerve pathology
Vertical Diplopia
75
Three divisions of Trigeminal Nerve
V1: Ophthalmic, V2: Maxillary, V3: Mandibular
76
Trigeminal Division: supplies Upper jaw
V2
77
Trigeminal Division: supplies Tip of the nose
V1
78
Trigeminal Division: supplies Mylohyoid
V3
79
Trigeminal Division: supplies Cornea and Eyelid
V1
80
Trigeminal Division: supplies Upper teeth
V2
81
Trigeminal Division: supplies Muscle of Mastication
V3
82
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter, Temporalis, Medial and Lateral Pterygoid
83
3 other muscles supplied by V3
Mylohyoid, Anterior Belly of Digastric, Tensor Tympani
84
Trigeminal Division: supplies Forehead and Scalp
V1
85
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Tic Douloreux
86
Involuntary blinking of the eyes elicited by stimulation of the cornea
Corneal Reflex (CN 5 lesion = negative reflex)
87
Lession due to affectation of tensor tympani
Hearing Loss
88
Muscle supplied by Abducens Nerve
Lateral Rectus
89
2 Abducens Nerve Pathology
Horizontal Diplopia and Internal Strabismus
90
Muscle for Distaste
Procerus
91
Muscle for Grimace
Risorius
92
Muscle for Smiling
Zygomaticus Major or Minor
93
Muscle for Pouting
Mentalis
94
Muscle for Egad
Platysma
95
Muscle for Frowning
Corregator Supercilli
96
Muscle for Blinking or Winking
Orbicularis Oculi
97
Muscle for Kissing
Orbicularis Oris
98
Muscle for Sneering
Levator Anguli Oris
99
Muscle for Sucking or Blowing
Buccinator
100
3 Nucleus of Facial Nerve
Mesencephalic, Chief or Main Sensory and Spinal
101
CN 7 Nucleus: Pain and Temp
Spinal Nucleus
102
CN 7 Nucleus: Proprioception
Mesencephalic Nucleus
103
CN 7 Nucleus: Discriminative sensation and Light Touch
Chief or Main Sensory Nucleus
104
A general sensation of anterior 2/3 tongue
CN V3: Mandibular Division
105
A general sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 tongue
CN 9
106
A general taste of anterior 2/3 tongue
CN 7
107
(+) Horizontal Diplopia
CN 6
108
(+) External Strabismus
CN 3
109
(+) Vertical Diplopia
CN 4
110
(+) Internal Strabismus
CN 6
111
5 glands innervated by Facial Nerve
Lacrimal, Nasal, Palatine, Sublingual, Submandibular
112
4 other muscles innervated by Facial Nerve
PASS: Posterior belly of digastric, Auricular, Stylohyoid, Stapedius
113
Bell's Palsy 6 Site of Lesion
"Sharon Cuneta Says Gaby Is Pangit"
| Stylohyoid, Chorda Tympani, Stapedius, Geniculate Body, IAM, Pons
114
Bell's Palsy: Lesion at Stylohyoid
Facial Paralysis
115
Bell's Palsy: (+) Hyperacusis
Stapedius
116
Bell's Palsy: Lesion at IAM
Facial Paralysis + Hearing Problem
117
Bell's Palsy: (+) Loss of Taste
Chorda Tympani
118
Bell's Palsy: Lesion at Geniculate Body
Facial Paralysis + Loss of Taste + Hyperacusis
119
Bell's Palsy: Lesion at Pons
Facial Paralysis + Loss of Taste + Hyperacusis + Hearing Problem
120
Stimulus for Marcus Gunn and Marin Amat
Jaw Opening
121
Facial nerve assessment using tapping of parotid gland
Chvostek
122
(+) Bell's Phenomenon
Rolling of the eye upward and outward
123
(+) Marcus Gunn
Eye Opening
124
(+) Chvostek
Twitching of facial muscle
125
(+) Marin Amat
Eye closure
126
Auditory muscles supplied by CN 8
Organ of Corti
127
3 sensory feedback of balance
Visual, Vestibular and Somatosensory (Proprio)
128
How to identify if the balance problem is associated with the vestibular system
(+) Romberg's and occlusion of hearing
129
Romberg's: (+) Eye Closing
Dorsal Column Affectation
130
Romberg's: (+) Eye Opening
Nervous System
131
Hearing loss due to the lesion of the inner ear and CN 8
Sensorineural deafness
132
Nystagmus seen in patients with CN 8 problem
Peripheral Nystagmus
133
How long does peripheral nystagmus lasts?
1 week
134
Hearing loss due to the lesion of the outer ear and middle ear
Conduction deafness
135
Bilateral affectation of CN 8
(+) Dysequilibrium
136
Hearing loss due to the lesion of the BA 41 & 41
Cortical Deafness
137
Ringing of ear
Tinnitus
138
Common s/sx seen in patients with BPPV
Vertigo
139
3 Auditory Ossicles
Malleus, Incus and Stapes
140
Auditory Ossicles: Hammer
Malleus
141
Auditory Ossicles: Stirrup
Stapes
142
Auditory Ossicles: Anvil
Incus
143
CN 8 Assessment: Rotation of head to 45 degrees
Dix Hallpike
144
CN 8 Assessment: Tuning fork at the vertex
Weber
145
CN 8 Assessment: Tuning for at the Mastoid Process
Rinne's
146
Normal Rinne's
Air is louder and longer than Bone Conduction
147
Both air ad bone conduction is diminished
Sensorineural deafness
148
Bone conduction is louder and longer than air
Conduction deafness
149
Caloric Testing
COWS: Cold - Opposite side nystagmus; Warm - Same side Nystagmis
150
Muscle innervated by CN 9
Stylopharyngeus muscle
151
2 autonomic glands innervated by CN 9
Parotid Gland and Carotid Sinus
152
2 Glossopharyngeal nerve pathology
Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking (dysarthria)
153
Decrease saliva production
Aptyalia
154
Loss of taste
Ageusia
155
CN in Nucleus Ambiguous
CN 9 and 10
156
CN in Nucleus Salivatory
CN 7 and 9
157
CN in Nucleus Solitarius
CN 7, 9, 10
158
6 Autonomic Functions of Vagus Nerve
Cardio, Pulmo, GIT, Kidneys, Epiglottis, Uvula
159
Hoarseness of Voice
Dysphonia
160
4 Vagal Pathology
Dysphonia, Speech & Swallow, Autonomic Dysfunction and Uvula Deviation
161
Afferent of Gag Reflex
CN 9
162
Efferent of Gag Reflex
CN 10
163
Muscles innervated by CN 10
Palatoglossus muscle
164
Structures innervated by Accessory nerve - Cranial division
Soft palate, Pharynx, Larynx
165
Two muscles innervated by the Accessory nerve - Spinal division
SCM and Trapezius
166
Three tongue muscles innervated by CN 12
Genioglossus, Hyoglossus and Styloglossus
167
Tongue muscle: Elevate
Palatoglossus
168
Tongue muscle: Retract
Styloglossus
169
Tongue muscle: Protract
Genioglossus
170
Tongue muscle: Depress
Hyoglossus
171
2 Hypoglossal Nerve Pathology
Dysarthria and Tongue Deviation
172
(+) Jaw Deviation
CN 5
173
Ipsilateral Deviation d/t CN affectation
Jaw and Tongue
174
Contralateral Deviation d/t CN affectation
Uvula
175
(+) Tongue Deviation
CN 12
176
(+) Uvula Deviation
CN 10
177
How many thoracic spinal nerves we have?
12
178
How many lumbar spinal nerves we have?
5
179
How many cervical spinal nerves we have?
8
180
How many coccygeal spinal nerves we have?
1
181
How many sacral spinal nerves we have?
5
182
The largest nerve in Cervical Plexus
Phrenic Nerve (C3-5)
183
The largest nerve in Sacral Plexus
Sciatic Nerve
184
The term that describes the spinal nerve branch and its branches
Ramus
185
The largest nerve in Lumbar Plexus
Femoral Nerve(anterior crural)
186
The largest nerve in Brachial Plexus
Radial Nerve (musculospiral)
187
3 layers of the nerve
Epineurium (outer), Perineurium (middle), Endoneurium (inner)
188
A layer of the nerve composed of a dense network of collagen fibers
Epineurium
189
Brachial Plexus: Roots
C5-T1
190
Brachial Plexus: Upper Trunk Roots
C5-6
191
Brachial Plexus: Lower Trunk Roots
C8-T1
192
Brachial Plexus: Middle Trunk Roots
C1
193
Brachial Plexus: Lateral Cord branches
LML: Lateral Portion of Median Nerve, Musculocutaneous Nerve, and Lateral Pectoral Nerve
194
Brachial Plexus: Upper Trunk Branches
Nerve to subclavius and suprascapular nerve
195
Brachial Plexus: Medial Cord Branches
UMMM: Ulnar Nerve, Medial Portion of Median Nerve, Medial Pectoral Nerve and Medial Cutaneous of Arm & FA
196
Brachial Plexus: C5 branch
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
197
Brachial Plexus: Posterior Cord Branches
ULTRA: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerve, Thoracodorsal Nerve, Radial Nerve and Axillary Nerve
198
Brachial Plexus: C5, C6, C7 branch
Long Thoracic Nerve
199
Lumbar Plexus: Roots
T12 - L4
200
Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L2-4
Obturator
201
Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L1-2
Genitofemoral
202
Lumbar Plexus: Posterior L2-4
Femoral
203
Lumbar Plexus: Posterior L2-3
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
204
Lumbar Plexus: Anterior T12-L1
Iliohypogastric
205
Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L1
Ilioinguinal
206
Sacral Plexus: Roots
L4 - S3
207
Sacral Plexus: Posterior L4-S2
Superior Gluteal
208
Sacral Plexus: Anterior L5-S3
Nerve to Obturator Internus
209
Sacral Plexus: Anterior L4-S2
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
210
Sacral Plexus: Posterior S1 - S3
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
211
Sacral Plexus: Posterior L5-S3
Inferior Gluteal
212
Sacral Plexus: Anterior L4- S3
Tibial
213
Sacral Plexus: Posterior L4- S2
Common Peroneal
214
Outflow of SNS
Thoracolumbar
215
Outflow of PSNS
Craniosacral
216
Ganglionic NT of PSNS
Ach
217
Post-Ganglionic NT of SNS
NE / Epi
218
Ganglionic NT of SNS
Ach
219
Post-Ganglionic NT of PSNS
Ach
220
SNS Manifestation: Sweat, Cardiac Muscle force, and BP
Increase
221
PSNS Manifestation: Liver
NR
222
PSNS: Pupil and Bronchi
Constrict
223
SNS: Systemic Artery
Constrict
224
SNS: Pupil and Bronchi
Dilate
225
PSNS: Male Reproduction System
Erection
226
SNS: Bladder Detrussor
Relax
227
PSNS: GIT Peristalsis
Increase
228
SNS: Male Reproduction System
Ejaculate
229
SNS Manifestation: Liver
Increase
230
PSNS: Bladder Detrussor
Constrict
231
SNS: Bladder Sphincter
Contract
232
Pathway of nerve impulses to produce voluntary movements
Somatic Nervous System
233
Reflex Arc
Receptor > Afferent Fibers > SC > Efferent Fibers > Effectors
234
2 reflexes under Monosynaptic Reflex
DTR and Superficial Reflex
235
2 reflexes under Polysynaptic Reflex
Flexor Withdrawal and Crossed Extension
236
Motor Response to certain stimuli
Reflex
237
6 Mechanoreceptors
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors, Merkel's, Meissner's Ruffini's, Krause End Bulb, Pacinian
238
6 Deep Joint Receptors
Muscle Spindle, GTO, Thermoreceptor, Nociceptors, Chemoreceptors, Electromagnetic
239
Electromagnetic receptor for dark
Rod
240
Electromagnetic receptor for light
Cones
241
3 main division of reflexes
Spinal, Brainstem and Autonomic
242
7 Spinal Reflexes
Flexor Withdrawal, Crossed Extension, Moro, Startle, Traction, Palmar Grasp and Plantar Grasp
243
5 Brainstem Reflexes
ATNR, STNR, TLR, Positive Supporting and Associated Reaction
244
The smallest muscle in the body
Stapedius
245
"Trumpeteer" muscle
Buccinator
246
The smallest and stupid cranial nerve
Trochlear
247
The longest cranial nerve
Vagus
248
The largest cranial nerve
Trigeminal
249
The longest intracranial course
Abducens
250
Only sensory input that does not synapse in the thalamus
Olfactory
