Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step1 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Astrocyte

A 
Physical support
Repair
K+ metabolism
Removal of excess neurotransmitters
Component of blood brain barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microglia

A

CNS phagocyte, derived from monocytes
Irregular nuclei, little cytoplasm, no discernible w/ Nissel stain
HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleate giant cells in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Mylinates the axons of neurons in the CNS
Each oligodendroycte can myelinate many axons
Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
“Fried egg” appearance on H&E
Destroyed in MS and PML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schwann cells

A

Each Schwann cell myelinated only 1 PNS axon
Also promotes axonal regeneration
Destroyed in GBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Free nerve endings

A

C (slow), Adelta (fast)
Located in skin, epidermis, and some vicera
Pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Large myelinated fibers, adapt quickly
Hairless skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Large myelinated fibers, adapt quickly
Deep skin layers, joints
Vibration, pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Merkel discs

A

Large myelinated fibers, adapt slowly
Basal epidermal layer, hair follicles
Pressure, deep static touch, position sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Right parietal temporal cortex lesion

A

Spatial neglect syndrome

Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Left parietal temporal cortex lesion

A

Gerstmann syndrome

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reticular activating system (midbrain) lesion

A

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mammillary bodies lesions

A

Associated w/ thiamine deficiency

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cerebellar hemisphere lesions

A

Intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance
Fall toward side of lesions
Laterally located affecting lateral limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebellar vermis lesions

A

Truncal ataxia, dysarthria

Centrally located, affects central body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis

A

Variant of osmotic demyelination syndrome
Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and loss of consciousness
CAN cause locked in syndrome
Massive axonal demyelinaiton in pontine whir matter tracts 2ndary to osmotic forces and edema

Commonly iatrongenic, caused by overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Broca aphasia

A

Broca Broken Boca (mouth)
Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension
Broca area: inferior front gyrus of front lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

Wordy but makes no sense
Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension and repetition
Wernicke area: superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Global aphasia

A

Nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension

Both Broca and Wernicke areas affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Poor repetition but fluent speech, intact comprehension

Can be caused by damage to left superior temporal lobe and/or left supramarginal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

Study These Flashcards
A

Nonfluent aphasia w/ good comprehension and repetition

Motor: can’t really speak well but can feel (understand)

21
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Study These Flashcards
A

Fluent speech but poor comprehension, good repetition

Sensory: can speak but cannot feel (understand)

22
Q

Wallenberg syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A 
Lateral medullary syndrome
Decreased pain and temperature sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body
Dysphagia, hoarsness
Decreased gag reflex
Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
23
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

Hemisection of spinal cord
Ipsilateral UMN signs below level of the lesion
Ipsilateral loss of tactile/vibration/proprioception at and below level of lesion
Contralateral pain and temperature loss below level of lesion
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature AT level of lesion
Ipsilateral LMN signs AT level of lesion

24
Q

Horner syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

Sympathectomy of face
Ptosis (slight drooping of eyelid)
Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) and flushing
Miosis (pupil constriction)
Associated w/ lesion of spinal cord about T1 (Pancoast tumor, Brown-Sequard syndrome, late stage syringomyelia)

25
Landmark dermatones
T4 at the teat pore T10 at the belly butten L1 is the IL (inguinal ligament)
26
Glaucoma
Optic disc atrophy atrophy w/ characteristic cupping, usually with increased intraocular pressure and progressive peripheral visual field loss Open angle: blocked trabecular meshwork from WBC, RBC, or retinal elements Closed angle: enlargement or forward movement of lens against central iris leading to obstruction of normal aqueous flow leading to impeding flow of trabecular meshwork
27
Meyer loop (optic)
Sending info from inferior retina (sees up) | Loops around inferior horn of lateral ventricle (temporal lobe)
28
Dorsal (down) optic radiation
Sending info from superior retina (sees down) | Takes shorted path via internal capsule (parietal lobe)
29
Internuclear opthalmoplegia (INO)
Lesions seen in patients w/ demyeliation in the medial longitudinal fascicles (MLF) Lack of communication such that when CN VI muscle activates ipsilateral lateral rectus, contralateral CN III nucleus does not stimulate medial rectus to fire and abducting eye gets nystagmus
30
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy
Autoimmune condition that destroys Schwann cells (GBS) Inflammation and demylinaiton of peripheral nerves and motor fibers Results in symmetric ascending muscle weakness/paralysis beginning in lower extremities
31
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Demylination of CNS due to destruction of oligoendrocytes Associated w/ JC virus Increased risk w/ use of natalizumab (anti-integrin)
32
Acute disseminated (post infectious) encephalomyelitis
Multifocal perivenular inflammation and demylination after infection (commonly measles or VZV) or certain vaccinations (rabies, smallpox)
33
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy | Defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath
34
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Congenital non inherited developmental anomaly of neural derivatives Affects small capillary sized blood vessels --> port wine stain of the face Ipsilateral leptomenginal angioma --> seizure/epilepsy
35
Brimondine
Alpha2 agonist decreasing aqueous humor synthesis Treat glaucoma Can cause blurry vision
36
Timolol
Beta blocker decreasing aqueous humor synthesis Treat glaucoma No vision changes
37
Azetazolamide
Diuretic decreasing aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase Also act on proximal tubule of kidney, leading to increased secretion of bicarb and increased tubular pH No vision change
38
Tramadol
Very weak opioid agonist Also inhibit serotonin and norepi reuptake Treat chronic pain Can cause serotonin syndrome and decrease seizure threshold
39
Ethosuximide
Block thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels | Treat absence seizure
40
Carbamazepine
Increase Na+ channel inactivation Treat simple, complex, tonic-clonic seizure 1st line for trigeminal neuralgia Can cause blood dyscrasias (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia)
41
Valporic acid
Increase Na+ channel inactivation Increase GABA by inhibiting GABA transaminase Treat tonic-clonic seizure, bipolar disorder Hepatotoxicity
42
Dantrolene
Prevent release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle Use to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
43
Bromocriptine
Dopamine agonist | Treat Parkinson's
44
L-dopa(levodopa)/carbidopa
Increase level of dopamine in brain L-dopa can cross blood brain barrier Carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, increase the bioavailability of L-dopa in the brain Treat Parkinson's Can cause arrhythmias, long term use can lead to dyskinesia
45
Selegiline
Selective MAO type B inhibitor, prevents dopamin breakdown | Treat Parkinson's
46
Donepezil
AChE inhibitor | Treat Alzheimer
47
Bentropine
Antimuscarinic | Improves tremor and rigidity for Parkinson's
48
Memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist, help prevent excitotoxicity (mediated by Ca2+) Treat Alzheimer

Step1 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions