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Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Tracts

A

Location of a pathway

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2
Q

What are Commissures

A

Tract connecting one hemisphere to another

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3
Q

What are Lemnisci

A

Narrow strip of fibres

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4
Q

What are Funiculi

A

Cord of nerve fibres

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5
Q

What are Fasiculi

A

Bundle of fibres

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6
Q

What is a Capsule?

A

Sheet of white matter fibres bordering a nucleus of grey matter

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7
Q

What is a column?

A

Longitudinally running fibres separated by other structures

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8
Q

What is Grey Matter composed of?

A

Neurone Cell Bodies and Dendrites

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9
Q

What is the Cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain consisting of Grey Matter

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10
Q

What are Ganglia

A

Collection of Nerve Cell Bodies outside the CNS

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11
Q

Afferrent Fibres?

A

Take information towards the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent Fibres?

A

Take information away from the CNS

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13
Q

Reticular?

A

Collection of Grey and White Matter

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14
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose

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15
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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16
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

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17
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges

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18
Q

Functions of Grey Matter (3)

A
  1. Control and Command Centre
  2. Receives Sensory Information
  3. Provides Motor Output
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19
Q

What are the Lobes of the Brain (4)

A
  1. ) Frontal
  2. ) Parietal
  3. ) Temporal
  4. ) Occipital
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20
Q

What is the Frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary movement on opposite side of the body
Intellectual functioning
Basically the logical centre of the brain

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21
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

A

Visual perception

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22
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe Responsible for?

A

Auditory Perception and understanding of spoken word

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23
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe Responsible for?

A

Interpretation of Sensations

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24
Q

What does the White Matter consist of?

A

Axons

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25
What does the Cerebellum do?
Co-ordinates movement and balance
26
What are the branches of the Cerebellum
Superior Middle Inferior
27
What does the Brain Stem do
Autonomic Regulation of the Body | Pathway between Brain and Spinal Cord
28
What structures does the midbrain contain
Tectum ( Superior and Inferior Colliculi) | Cerebral Pendule
29
What does the Pons do?
Control of breathing | Relays information
30
What does the Medulla do?
Control of breathing, heart and blood circulation
31
Difference between UMN and LMN
UMN connects to LMN, whereas LMN always connects to Muscle
32
What cell produces Myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrites
33
What cell produces Myelin in the PNS
Schwann Cell
34
What do Dendrites do?
Receive input
35
When are neurones mainly formed?
During Brain Development
36
What are the 2 types of synapse
Chemical | Electrical
37
What are electrical synapses involved in
Control of Breathing
38
Where are synapses mainly found
Dendritic Spines
39
What is Neural Plasticity
Changing of the composition of the neurones
40
Difference in terms of transmission between UMN and Striated Interneurones
UMN : Large, Excitatory, Glutamgergic | Striated Interneurones : Small, Inhibitory
41
What are Glia?
Non neuronal cells
42
What does the myelin sheath allow?
Saltatory Conduction
43
Composition of the Myelin Sheath?
70% Lipid | 30% Protein
44
Why does White Matter have a whiteish colour
Lipid in Myelin sheath
45
what are the macrophages of the CNS called
Microglia
46
Where do Microglia originate from
yolk sac
47
What do Microglia do when resting and when active
Resting : Scan | Active : Phagocytose
48
What process are Microglia involved in?
synaptic plasticity
49
What do Astrocytes do? (4)
Structure of the Brain Envelope synapses Homeostasis Metabolic support
50
Name 2 specific types of Astroctye
Muller Glia | Bergmann Glia
51
What is a collection of cell bodies and supporting cells in PNS called
Ganglia
52
What is the Blood- Brain barrier formed by (3)
Endothelial cells Astrocytes Pericytes
53
What cells produce CSF and where are they located
Ependymal cells | Choroid Plexus
54
How are Muscles innervated
Each fibre is innervated by one nerve
55
How many muscle fibres does a neurone innervate
Numerous.
56
What are Muscle Spindles
Sensory receptors that detect change in length of muscle fibres
57
What are proprioceptors
Specialised sensory receptors that detect the position of fibres
58
What are proprioceptors sensitive to?
tension and pressure
59
What does it mean to be neurogenic?
Muscle fibre must be activated by Motor Neurone
60
What is a motor unit?
ONE motor neurone, and all the fibres that it innervates
61
What are the 2 types of muscle fibres, and what is the difference between them
Fast Twitch - Prone to Fatigue but stronger contraction | Slow Twitch - Oxidative, resists fatigue
62
What does the Somatic NS do?
Communicates with external environment
63
What does the Autonomic NS do?
Maintains internal bodily systems
64
What does the Dorsal Root do?
Receives Sensory Information and sends this to the CNS (Afferent Fibres)
65
What does the Ventral Root do?
Sends motor information to effectors (Efferent Fibres)
66
What are the 3 division of the Brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
67
What are the components of the Forebrain
Telencephalon | Diencephalon
68
What are the main components of the Telencephalon
Basal Ganglia | Limbic System
69
What does the Basal Ganglia do
Motor Functions
70
What is the Limbic system involved in
Emotion
71
What are the components of the Limbic System and what are their functions (6 + 5)
1. ) Amygdala - association of sensory stimuli with emotion 2. ) Hippocampus - Long Term memory 3. ) Cingulate Gyrus - Motivation 4. ) Mammilary Bodies - Recollective memory formation 5. ) Septum - Aggression 6. ) Fornix
72
What are the components of the Diencephalon
Thalamus | Hypothalamus
73
What does the Thalamus do
Relays signals to Cortex and Limbic System
74
What does the Hypothalamus do
Regulates Pituitary Gland | Hormonal Control
75
What are the components of the Hindbrain
Medulla Pons Cerebellum
76
What is the Myelencephalon
Medulla
77
What is the Melencephallon
Pons/Cerebellum
78
What does the Medulla do (2)
Autonomic control | Maintenance of Muscle tone
79
What does the Pons do (2)
Connects the Cortex to the Cerebellum Pattern generation for activities such as walking
80
What does the Cerebellum do
Motor Coordination
81
What are the components of Midbrain (2)
Tetcum | Tegmentum
82
What is the Tectum involved in
Visuospatial Awarness
83
What are the components of the Tectum and what do they do (2)
Superior Colliculi - Sensitive to sensory change | Inferior Colliculi - Sensitive to Audiotory Change
84
What are the structures of the Tegmentum (3) and what do they do
Periaqueductal Gray - Defensive Behaviour/ Analgesia Red Nucleus - Precortical Motor Control Substansia Nigra - Basal Ganglia input
85
Why is the Brain comprised of a hierarchy of Systems
Systems that increase in complexity of actions
86
What is the least complicated system?
Spinal Cord
87
What is the most complicated system
Frontal Cortex
88
How many extra ocular muscles are there
7
89
what are the names of the extra ocular muscles?
``` levator palpebrae superioris superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus inferior oblique superior oblique ```
90
What categories can the eye muscles be split into and what muscles are in these groups
Responsible for eye movement - Rectii and Oblique Responsible for Superior eyelid movement - Lev. Palebrae Superioris
91
What is the action of Superior Rectus
Pulls eye up AND MEDIALLY AND ROTATES
92
what is the function of inferior rectus
Pulls eye down, MEDIALLY AND ROTATES
93
What is the function of Medial Rectus
Adduction
94
What is the function of Lateral Rectus
Abduction
95
Rotation of the eye towards the nose is called
Intorsion
96
Rotation of the eye away from the nose is called
Extorsion
97
What does Superior Oblique do?
Pulls posterior aspect of eye up, therefore moving the iris down and in
98
What does Inferior Oblique do
Pulls posterior aspect of eye down, therefore moving the eye up and out
99
What are the functions of the semicircular canals (2)
Hearing | Acceleration
100
How many semicircular canals are there?
3 Lateral Anterior Posterior
101
What is the fluid found inside the semicircular canal called
Endolymph
102
What is the structure called within the semicircular canal that is responsible foe detecting acceleration
Capula
103
What is the innervation of the Orbital Muscles
``` Lateral Rectus - Abducens - CN 6 Inferior Rectus - CN 3 - Oculomotor Superior Rectus - CN 3 Medial Rectus - CN 3 Inferior Oblique - CN 3 Superior Oblique - CN 7 Levator Palpebrae Superioris - CN 3 ```
104
What is the range of Human Hearing
20Hz to 20KHz
105
What are the 4 main components of the auditory system
Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Central Auditory Pathways
106
What are the components of the outer ear (3)
Pinna Ear Canal Tympanic Membrane
107
function of the Pinna
Directing sound waves towards the ear canal
108
What is the Pinna made out of
Cartilage
109
What does the Tympanic Membrane do
Transmits sound waves to middle ear
110
What are the names of the bones of the Middle Ear
Malleus Incus Stapes
111
What are the names of the muscles of the Middle Ear
Tensor Tympani | Staepedius
112
What important structure used for the equalisation of pressure does the middle ear contain
Eustachian Tube
113
What is the role of the Middle Ear
Amplification of Vibrations
114
What is the Cochlear Responsible for
Hearing
115
What is the Labyrinth responsible for
Balance
116
What are the structures of the Middle Ear innervated by
CN 8 - Vestibulocochlear
117
What special property do the Cochlear Fluids have
Ionic Endolymph K+ Rich Perilymph Na+ Rich
118
What are the names of the Cochlear Fluids
Endoplymph | Perilymph
119
What are the components of the Cochlea | 2
Basilar Membrane | Organ of Corti
120
What is located within the Organ of Corti
Auditory Hair Cells
121
What is the name of the main Inner Hair Cell
Sterocilia
122
How is an AP generated in Sterocilia
Movement of Sterocilia leads to opening of K+ channels K+ from Endolymph enters Inner Hair Cell, causing depolarisation Depolarisation results in the opening of Ca2+ channels Ca2+ influx leads to the release of Neurotransmitters
123
How is Sterocilia Repolarised
K+ removal to Perilymph
124
What do Outer Hair Cells do
Alter stiffness of Basilar Membrane to ensure maximal stimulation
125
How does AP get from Ear to Brain
Auditory Fibres -> Cochlear Nerve (CN8) -> Central Auditory System
126
What is the Brainstem involved in in relation to the auditory system
Sound Localisation
127
Which neurones help to localise sound
MSO (Olive) Neurones
128
What is the route of the Central Auditory Pathway
CN8 -> Cochlear Nucleus -> MSO -> Lateral Lemniscus -> Inferior Colliculus
129
What type of Hearing loss is it when the Outer/Middle Ear becomes defective?
Conductive Hearing Loss
130
What type of Hearing Loss is it when Inner Ear becomes defective?
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
131
What is the Autonomic NS responsible for?
Involuntary actions Smooth Muscle contraction Fight to Flight
132
Which NS is more complicated?
Autonomic - More neurones than Somatic NS
133
Differences between Somatic NS and Autonomic NS?
Autonomic: Synapses first within there CNS, and then again outside the CNS Has Preganglionic and Postganglionic fibres Innervates Smooth Muscle Can be inhibitory or stimulatory Comes from the brain AND SPINAL CORD Preganglionic fibres use ACh; Postganglionic fibres use ACh for inhibitory, and Noradrenaline for stimulatory Somatic: does not synapse once left the CNS Innervates Skeletal Muscle Is always excitatory Only comes from the Spinal Cord Its Neurotrasnmitter is ACh
134
What are the 2 parts of the ANS
Sympathetic | Parasympathetic
135
What is the difference between the postganglionic fibres of the ANS and the fibres of the Somatic NS
Postganglionic fibres of ANS are unmyelinated
136
What are the origins of the parasympathetic NS
CN 10 - Vagus CN 9 - Glossopharyngeal CN 7 - Facial CN 3 - Oculomotor S2 S3 S4 1973
137
What are the origins of the Sympathetic NS
T1 - L2
138
What receptor does the Sympathetic NS act on
Nicotinic Receptors
139
What receptor does the Parasympathetic NS act on
Nicotinic (Preganglion) | Muscarinic (Postganglionic)
140
Anatomical differences between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NS?
Sympathetic NS has shorter preganglionic fibres
141
How many coats does the eye have
3
142
What are the names of the coats of the eye
Outer Middle (uvea) Inner
143
What structures are found within the Outer coat of the eye
Cornea | Sclera
144
What is the function of the Cornea
Transmission of light | Refraction
145
What is the function of the Sclera
Protection
146
What is contained within the middle coat of the eye
Iris Cilliary Bodies Choroid
147
What is the function of the Iris
Controls the size of the pupil
148
Which muscle makes the pupil smaller and what NS controls this
Sphincter Muscle | Parasympathetic
149
Which muscle makes the pupil larger and what NS controls this
Dilator Muscles | Sympathetic
150
What is the function of the ciliary bodies
Contains glandular epithelium which secretes Aqueous Humour
151
What does Aqueous Humour do
Maintains intraocular pressure
152
What does the Choroid of the eye do
Heat Sink
153
What is contained within the inner coat of the eye
Retina | Macula
154
What is the function of the Retina
Produces Vitreous Humour Centres light on Fovea Specialised for Visual Acuity
155
What is the area surrounding the Fovea called
Macula
156
What is contained within the Macula
Cone cells
157
What is the function of Rod cells
Visual perception in DIM LIGHTING | High sensitvity to light
158
What is the function of Cone cells
Colour vision
159
Blood supply to the eye?
Internal Carotid - Ophthalmic Artery - Ethmoid Artery External Carotid
160
Where is information from the eye transmitted to?
Primary Visual Cortex
161
Where is the Primary Visual Cortex found
Occipital Lobe
162
What surrounds the Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Association Cortex
163
Fibres from Nasal Portion of the Retina carry what visual field?
Temporal Visual Field
164
Fibres from the Temporal Portion of the Retina carry what Visual Field
Nasal Visual Field
165
What is a Motor Pool
All the motor neurones that innervate a single muscle
166
What detects Muscle Tension
Golgi Tendon Organs
167
What detects Muscle Stretch
Muscle Spindle
168
Difference between Intrafusal and Extrafusal Muscle fibres?
Intrafusal Muscle Fibres detect Lengthening | Extrafusal Fibres Muscle Fibres
169
How does Intrafusal Muscle length
Resets Muscle length
170
What motor fibres innervate Intrafusal Muscle Fibres
Gamma Motor Neurones
171
What Sherringtons Law
As one muscle contracts, its antagonist partner will relax.
172
What type of information is collected at the Dorsal Horn
Sensory
173
What kind of information is collected at the ventral horn
Motor

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