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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of the URT (3)

A
  1. ) Nose
  2. ) Pharynx - Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Layrngopharynx
  3. ) Larnyx
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2
Q

What are the functions of the Vestibule? (3)

A

Warm inspired air
Humidify inspired air
Defence against pathogens and irritants

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3
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule

A

Squamous Stratified Keratinising Epithelium

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4
Q

What feature of the vestibule allows it to filter?

A

Stiff hairs

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5
Q

What doubles the surface area of the nasal cavity?

A

Turbinates

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6
Q

What are the name of the Turbinates (3)

A

Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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7
Q

Features of the Superior Meatus (3)

A

Olfactory Epithelium
Cribiform Plate
Next to Sphenoid Sinus

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8
Q

Features of Middle Meatus

A

Maxillary Sinus opens into Middle Meatus

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9
Q

Features of Inferior Meatus

A

Drainage of Nasolacrimal Gland

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10
Q

Name the facial sinuses (4)

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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11
Q

Where is the Frontal Sinus located

A

Above eyes

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12
Q

Where is the Ethmoidal Sinus located

A

Directly inferior to Frontal Sinus

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13
Q

Where is the Maxillary Sinus located

A

Lateral to the Nose

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14
Q

Where is the Sphenoid Sinus located

A

Inferior to Sphenoid Bone

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the pharynx

A

Squamous, Columnar

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16
Q

What special features does the Pharynx have

A

Contains Cilia and Goblet Cells

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17
Q

What are the parts of the Pharynx (3)

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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18
Q

What structure located in the Nasopharynx helps to equalise pressure

A

Eustachian Tube

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19
Q

What type of tonsils does the Nasopharynx encompass

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

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20
Q

Where does the Nasopharynx end

A

Soft Palate

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21
Q

Where does the Oropharynx end

A

Hyoid Bone

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22
Q

What type of tonsils does the Oropharynx contain

A

Palatine

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23
Q

What is the function of the Larynx, and how does it do this?

A

Stops food and water from going into the lungs using the epiglottis

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24
Q

What are the single cartilages of the Larynx (3)

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

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25
What are the double cartilages of the larynx (3)
Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
26
Innervation of the Larynx
Vagus (CNX) Vagus splits into Recurrent Laryngeal and Superior Laryngeal Superior Laryngeal splits into Internal and External Recurrent Laryngeal splits into Left and Right and supplies all muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid, which is supplied by External Laryngeal
27
What is the Function of the LRT
Gas Exchange
28
What is the rate of minute ventilation
5L/Min
29
What is the path of splitting? (12)
Trahcea -> Main Bronchus -> Lobar Bronchi -> Segmental Bronchi -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Acini --> Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveloar Sacs -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveoli
30
What is the type of epithelium in the trachea
Pseudostratified, Ciliated, Columnar epithelium
31
What specialised cells does the trachea contain?
Goblet Cells | Cilliated
32
What is the Carina?
Bifurcation of the Trachea
33
Which main Bronchus is more vertical
Right
34
What pore connects Alveoli
Pores of Kohn
35
What are the 3 main cell types in Alveoli?
Type I Pneumocytes Type II Pneumocytes Alveolar Macrophages
36
What do Type I Pneumocytes do?
Pavement structures that create alveoli
37
What do Type II Pneumocytes do?
Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension
38
How many order of blood supply branching is there?
17
39
What is the process of blood supply to the lungs?
REDUCED DIAMETER blood vessels accompany airways in BRONCHO-VASCULAR BUNDLES to oxygenate blood
40
How many pulmonary veins return to the heart
4
41
What needs to happen in terms of alveolar pressure, for inspiration to occur
Alveolar Pressure must become Negative
42
How is a Negative Alveolar Pressure generated
External Intercostal Muscles contract, pushing ribs out and up, increasing volume of thorax.
43
What muscles are used during forced expiration
Internal Intercostals
44
Is Inspiration/ Expiration Passive or Active
Inspiration is Active | Expiration is Passive (unless forced)
45
When the Diaphragm contracts, what shape is it?
Flat
46
What is Dead Space
Where air is breathed in, but is not involved in Gas Exchange
47
What are the 2 types of Dead Space
Anatomical | Alveolar
48
What is the volume of Dead Space
150ml Anatomical 25ml Alveolar 175ml
49
What happens when a part of the lung has poor ventilation
Hypoxic Pulmonary Constriction Vasoconstriction occurs, directing blood away from the place of low ventilation
50
What part of the Lung is most preferentially perfused
Capillaries at the bottom of the lung are perfused preferentially, due to gravity
51
What does Perfusion of Capillaries depend upon? (3)
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Pulmonary Vein Pressure Alveolar Pressure
52
``` PaCO2 PACO2 PiO2 V'A V'CO2 ```
``` PaCO = Arterial Pressure of CO2 PACO2 = Alveolar Pressure of CO2 PiO2 = Pressure of Inspired Oxygen V'A = Alveolar Ventilation V'CO2 = CO2 Production ```
53
What are the methods of CO2 removal in the body (3)
Dissolved in Plasma Carbonic Acid Bound to Haemoglobin
54
What happens to PaCO2 is you Hyperventilate?
Decreases
55
What is the Equation Relating PaCO2, CO2 production and alveolar ventilation
PaCO2 = K V'CO2/V'A
56
What is the Alveolar Gas Equation
PAO2 = PiO2 - PaCO2/R
57
What are the causes of low PaO2? (4)
Alveolar Hyperventilation Reduced PiO2 V/Q mismatching Diffusion Abnormality
58
How is pH controlled in the body? (3)
Renal : Bicarbonate Production Henderson Hasselbach Concentration of CO2 in the blood
59
What is the Henderson Hasselbach Equation
pH = 6.1 + log10([HCO3-] / 0.03 x PCO2])
60
What does the Henderson Hasselbach Equation show
For PaCO2 to rise, HCO3- must also rise
61
Every breathe has how much volume?
500ml
62
What is the Residual Volume
Fixed amount of air left in the lungs at all times
63
What is VC?
Vital Capacity - Amount able to be breathed out
64
What is TLC and how can it be calculated?
Total Lung Capacity = VC + RV
65
What is FEV1
Volume of Air that can be breathed out in 1 second
66
What does a Peak Flow chart show?
Shows that most air is expelled from the lungs in the first second
67
What is the Unit of Measurement used for Peak Flow
L/Min
68
How can Lung Volumes be measured
Gas Dilution
69
What are Transfer Estimates used for
Efficiency of Gas Intake by Lungs Make patient Breathe CO and check their CO levels prior to and after breathing.
70
Abnormal values for FEV1
Less than 80% of predicted values
71
Abnormal Values for FVC
Less than 80% of predicted Values
72
What does a low FVC value indicate
Airways Restriction
73
What is the abnormal value for FEV1/FVC ratio
Less than 70%
74
Difference between Airways Obstruction and Restriction
Obstruction : Impaired Ability to fully breathe out | Restriction : Lower Lung capacity
75
Which Main Bronchus is more angled, and therefore which Main Bronchus are objects more likely to get stuck in?
Left is more angled | Objects more likely to get stuck in right
76
Which airway has the largest resistance?
Trachea
77
How many layers must gases diffuse to before reaching Haemoglobin
7 layers 1. Alveolar epithelium 2. Tissue interstitium 3. Capillary endothelium 4. Plasma Layer 5. Red cell membrane 6. Red cell cytoplasm 7. Haemoglobin binding

Phase 1 (4 decks)

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