Neurology Flashcards
what do oligodendrocytes do?
myelinate axons in the brain (CNS)
what do Schwann cells do?
myelinate axons in the rest of the body (PNS)
what are afferents?
axons taking information towards the CNS e.g. sensory fibres
what are efferents?
axons taking information to another site from the CNS e.g. motor fibres
what are the functions of the frontal lobe?
- voluntary movement on opposite side of body
- frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere controls speech (Broca’s area) and writing
- intellectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning and memory
what are the functions of the parietal lobe?
receives and interprets sensations, including pain, touch, pressure, size and shape and proprioception
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
understanding the spoken word (Wernicke’s area), sounds, memory and emotion
what are the functions of the occipital lobe?
understanding visual images and meaning of written words
what is the CSF produced by?
CSF is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles (mainly)
what is the passage of CSF?
- from the lateral ventricles it travels to the 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramen and then from the 3rd ventricle it travels to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)
- from the 4th ventricle it communicates with the subarachnoid space via the median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral foramens of Luschka
what is the Aqueduct of Sylvius?
cerebral aqueduct connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles
- located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum
- the cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by the periaqueductal grey
what is the interventricular foramen?
channels that connect the paired lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle at the midline of the brain
what is the foramen of Monro?
channels that connect the paired lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle at the midline of the brain
what is the foramen of Magendie?
drains CSF from the fourth ventricle into the cisterna magna
what is the foramen of Luschka?
- opening in each lateral extremity of the lateral recess of the 4th ventricle of the human brain, which also has a single median aperture
- allows CSF to flow from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space
how is CSF absorbed?
CSF is then absorbed via arachnoid granulations
what is hydrocephalus?
- abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricular system
* often due to a blocked cerebral aqueduct
what does the sympathetic system supply?
- supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
- contains more ganglia than the the parasympathetic division
what are the effects of the sympathetic system?
- increases heart rate
- increases force of contractions in the heart
- vasoconstriction
- bronchodilaton
- reduces gastric motility
- sphincter contraction
- decreased gastric secretions
- male ejaculation
what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves? what do they supply?
- oculomotor nerve CN3 to pupil
- facial nerve CN7 to salivary glands
- glossopharyngeal nerve CN9 for swallowing reflex
- vagus nerve CN10 to thorax and abdomen
what does the parasympathetic system innervate?
organs of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen
what are the effects of the parasympathetic system?
- decreases heart rate
- decrease force of contraction
- vasodilation
- bronchoconstriction
- increases gastric motility
- sphincter relaxation
- increased gastric secretions
- male erection
what are upper motor neurons?
- the descending pathways and neurones that originate in the motor cortex
- control the activity of the lower motor neurones
what are lower motor neurons? what are they also known as?
alpha motor neurones that directly innervate skeletal muscle that have cell bodies lying in the grey matter of the spinal cord and brainstem