neurology buzzwords Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
thunderclap headache
A
subarachnoid haemorrhage
2
Q
subarachnoid lumbar puncture
A
xanthochromic lumbar puncture
3
Q
lucid period after head trauma (often followed by sudden collapse/deterioration)
A
extradural haemorrhage
4
Q
cogwheel rigidity
A
Parkinson’s
5
Q
woody texture muscular swelling
A
duchenne or Becker MD
6
Q
raised CK
A
muscular dystrophy
7
Q
muscular dystrophy
A
toe walker, positive gowers sign
8
Q
mask like expression
A
parkinson’s
9
Q
fluctuating cognitive deficit
A
lewy body dementia or delirium
10
Q
REM disturbance
A
levy body or parkinson’s
11
Q
vivid visual hallucinations normally of children and not threatening
A
lewy body
12
Q
acute onset cognitive disturbance that fluctuates
A
delirium
13
Q
personality change then dementia
A
frontotemporal (Picks)
14
Q
stepwise deterioration
A
vascular dementia
14
Q
memory and personality changes in someone with past hx of CV disease
A
vascular dementia
15
Q
pain on loud noise
A
facial nerve palsy
16
Q
painful third nerve palsy
A
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
17
Q
myalgia + myositis + myoglobulinaemia/uria
A
rhabdomyolysis
18
Q
inflammatory myopathy, poor response to steroids
A
inclusion body myositis
19
Q
weakness + frontal balding + cataracts + ptosis
A
myotonic dystrophy
20
Q
leg symptoms, midline shift
A
falcine herniation
21
Q
back pain, worse on coughing
A
slipped disk
22
Q
headache worse on coughing
A
posterior fossa issue
23
Q
BL sciatica + male sexual dysfunction +/- bladder bowel symptoms
A
cauda equina
24
pleocytosis in CSF
rule out bacterial meningitis
25
migraine prophylaxis
1st propranolol, topiramate or amitriptyline, 2nd valproate, pizotifen, gabapentin, pregabalin
26
erb's palsy, waiter's tip
upper brachial plexus injury
27
klumpke's palsy, claw hand
lower brachial plexus injury
28
anti acetylcholine receptor antibody
myasthenia gravis
29
UMN and LMN symptoms with ocular sparing
motor neurone disease
30
high stepping gait, romberg's positive
cervical myelopathy
31
babinski and hoffmans sign
UMN defect
32
IgG oligoclonal bands on CSF
Multiple sclerosis
33
motor neuron disease treatment (not very good)
Riluzole
34
hemicrania continua treatment
indomethacin
35
Lamotrigine or Gabapentin.
treatment for SUNCT
36
treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
37
is grey matter myelinated?
no
38
is white mater myelinated?
yes
39
where is the white matter in the CNS
inside
40
where is the white matter in the PNS
outside
41
what cells create myelin in the PNS
schwan cells
42
what cells create myelin in the CNS (brain)
Oligodendrocytes
43
which embrological stucture did the nervous system derive from?
Ectoderm
44
what cells form the blood-brain barrier and takes up neurotransmitters and K+ and H20
Astrocytes
45
what do ependymal cells do?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, circulation, and maintaining the brain-CSF barrier.
46
what cell detects heavy pressure
Meissner Corpuscle
47
what cell detects vibration
Pacinian corpuscle
48
What cells detect light touch
Merkel disks
49
where is brocas area?
left inferior frontal gyrus
50
where is wernickes area?
left superior temporal gyrus
51
which type of stroke can cause difficulty hearing?
lateral pontine syndrome- anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
52
which stroke can cause troubles swallowing?
lateral medullary syndrome- posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA-chew.
Wallenbergs syndrome
53
what is wallenbergs syndrome
ipsilateral horners, loss of pain and tem sensation on face
contratlateral loss of pain and temp sensation over body
balance problems
difficulty speaking and swallowing
54
what artery occlusion causes locked in syndrome?
basilar artery
55
pure sensory stroke
thalamic infart (lucanar)
56
Gerstmann's syndrome
left middle cerebral artery occlusion -damage to Parietal lobe. RIGHT HANDED PPL
Agraphia (difficulty writing), acalculia (difficulty with calculations), finger agnosia (inability to distinguish fingers), and right-left disorientation
57
what artery is infarcted in medial medullary sysndrome?
anterior spinal artery
58
what artery is affected in lateral medullary sysndrome?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery- PICA
59
what artery is affected in lateral pontine syndrome
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery- AICA
60
what artery is affected in medial pontine syndrome?
Basillar Artery
61
man in a barrel syndrome
Watershed area between the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct.
where there is bilateral weakness of the proximal upper limbs with sparing of the lower limbs
62
what area of the brain gives us the ability to recognize faces?
The right fusiform gyrus, located in the occipitotemporal cortex
63
sunset eyes sign
central (transtentoral) brain herniation or Hydrocephalus- due to compression of the superior colliculus of the midbrain- aqueduct stenosis
64
Jacksonian movement (clonic movements travelling proximally) indicates what part of the brain is affected?
frontal lobe epilepsy
65
aura, rising epigastic sensation, psychic dejavu, hallucinations LIP SMACKING!
Temporal seizure
66
speech non-fluent, comprehension normal, repetition impaired
brocas aphasia
67
speech fluent, but repetition poor. Comprehension is relatively intact
conduction aphasia
68
speech fluent, comprehension abnormal, repetition impaired
Wernicke's dysphasia
69
prophylaxis of cluster headaches?
verapamil
70
loss of pain and temperature sensation in a cape-like distribution over the neck, shoulders, and arms while sparing light touch and proprioception
syringomelia
71
Thymomas are commonly associated with?
myasthenia gravis
72
Muscle weakness worsens with use (fatiguability)
improves with rest
Myasthenia Gravis
73
Proximal weakness that improves with use
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)
74
Associated with small cell lung cancer
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)
75
Descending paralysis 🔽 (starts with cranial nerves) - History of canned food or IV drug use
- No sensory changes
Botulism
76
Symptoms worsen with heat (Uhthoff’s phenomenon)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
77
Relapsing-remitting weakness, optic neuritis, INO, horizontal diplopia. Sensory + Motor symptoms
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
78
Sensory + Motor symptoms- UMN
MS
79
PURELY MOTOR-NOT SENSORY- UMN+LMN
MND
80
Bulbar onset (speech/swallow issues) possible
MND
81
Rapidly progressive dementia, Ataxia,, myoclonus
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (Crazy, jerky, myoclonus)
82
Chorea (involuntary jerky movements), Psychiatric symptoms (depression, irritability), Cognitive decline (dementia)--- and family history
Huntington’s Disease (HD)- autosomal dominant
83
Ascending muscle weakness/paralysis
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
84
History of recent infection (e.g., Campylobacter, flu)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
85
treatment of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
IVIG or plasma exchange
86
acute treatment of MS-
Steroids (IV methylprednisolone)
87
Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for MS
Beta-interferon, natalizumab, fingolimod
88
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) treatment
Pyridostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor)
89
inverted champagne bottle legs
CHARCOT MARIE TOOTH DISEASE
90
what does entocapone do?
inhibits COMT-to increase dopamine. (Parkinsons drug)
91
what does carbidopa do?
inhibits decarboxylase- to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside of the brain and increase the levels of levadopa in the brain
92
what are the MAO inhibitors
Selegiline, rosagiline
inhibits the breakdown of dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons
93
bald guy, Myotonia, dysarthria, myopathic facies
myotonic dystrophy
94
what artery sits beneath the Pterion
Middle meningeal artery
95
alien hand syndrome
Cortico-basal degeneration
96
thumb sparing muscle weakness
inclusion body myositis
97
peripheral pain better going downhill or sitting
Lumbar Stenosis
98
"prostitutes pupils"
argyll- robertson pupils- they accommodate but don't react (to light)
99
what cranial nerve is affected in Bells Palsy
7- facial nerve
100
diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis
Pellagra- nicotinic acid (niacin) deficiency
101
leg pain and weakness that is relieved with rest, worse on walking downhill
Spinal claudication
102
what artery is affected in amaurosis fugax?
retinal/ophthalmic artery
103
Bitemporal hemianopia-upper quadrant defect cause?
inferior chiasmal compression, commonly a pituitary tumour
104
Bitemporal hemianopia-lower quadrant defect cause?
superior chiasmal compression, commonly a craniopharyngioma
105
Parkinsonism and vertical gaze palsy (dysfunction of the muscles involved in looking upwards)
Progressive supranuclear palsy
106
Parkinson’s + autonomic dysfunction (causing postural hypotension, constipation, abnormal sweating and sexual dysfunction) and cerebellar dysfunction (causing ataxia)
Multiple system atrophy
107
what medication can serve as a deterrent to stop drinking- it causes symptoms when you drink
disulfiram- inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
108
what medication can reduce cravings for acoholics?
acamprosate
109
huntingtons treatment?
Tetrabenazine
110
upward deviation of the eyes, retrocollis, open jaw and tongue protrusion. Pupils may also be dilated
oculogyric crisis
111
what part of the brain is affected in conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus
112
autoimmune encephalitis treatment
methylprednisolone
113
What is the function of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus (DCML)?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception
114
Where does the DCML decussate?
In the medulla
115
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
Lateral = Pain and temperature; Anterior = Crude touch and pressure
116
Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
At the spinal level (1–2 levels above entry)
117
What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?
Unconscious proprioception (coordination
118
Do spinocerebellar tracts decussate?
No, they are mostly ipsilateral
119
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Voluntary motor control
120
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?
In the medullary pyramids
121
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
Facilitates flexor muscles, especially in upper limbs
122
Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?
In the midbrain (red nucleus)
123
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract
Extensor tone, balance, and posture
124
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Maintains tone, posture, and autonomic functions
125
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Reflex head and neck movement in response to visual/auditory stimuli
126
Where does the tectospinal tract decussate?
In the midbrain (superior colliculus)
127
Which tracts are affected in subacute combined degeneration?
Lateral corticospinal, dorsal columns, and spinocerebellar tracts (all bilaterally)
128
What are the clinical features of subacute combined degeneration?
Bilateral spastic paresis, sensory ataxia, and limb ataxia.
SCD = Stiff (muscles), Clumsy (walking), and Dull (touch and vibration sense lost).
129
Which tracts are affected in Friedreich’s ataxia?
Same as subacute combined degeneration: dorsal columns, corticospinal, spinocerebellar + cerebellum itself.
130
What additional features are present in Friedreich’s ataxia?
Cerebellar ataxia, intention tremor, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes
131
What area of the spinal cord is affected by Anterior Spinal Artery occlusion?
Anterior two-thirds (including motor and spinothalamic tracts); dorsal columns are spared.
132
Clinical features of ASA occlusion?
Bilateral spastic paresis (UMN) and bilateral loss of pain and temperature; vibration/proprioception preserved.
ASA = All gone except the Stuff in the Aback (dorsal columns are spared).
133
what medication is contraindicated in Myasthenia gravis?
anticholinergics- Oxybutynin
134
what side is the lesion in INO?
same side as the eye that's not able to adduct. opposite of the eye that has nystagmus
135
donald duck sounding voice
Pseudobulbar Palsy- due to the spasticity of the speech muscles
136
nasal quality to voice
Bulbar Palsy
137
restless leg syndrome treatment
dopamine agonists are first-line treatment (e.g. Pramipexole, ropinirole)
138
atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen
Huntington's disease
139
homonymous quadrantanopia on the opposite side to the lesion.- where is the lesion?
Optic radiation
140
contralateral homonymous hemianopia, with sparing of the macula.
Occipital cortex
141
homonymous hemianopia on the opposite side to the lesion.
Optic tract
142
relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
optic nerve
