rerpro Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Treatment of BV
A
Oral Metronidazole
2
Q
Treatment of Trichomiasis
A
Oral Metronidazole- treat partner too
3
Q
Candidiasis Treatment
A
Clotrimazole or fluconazole-oral
4
Q
Candidiasis treatment if pregnant
A
Clotrimazole
5
Q
gonorrhoea Treatment
A
ceftriaxone IM
6
Q
Gonorrhoea buzzwords
A
purulent discharge, chocolate agar
7
Q
Chlamydia buzzwords
A
asymptomatic, post coital bleeding, clear white penile discharge
8
Q
gonorrhoea Treatment if needle phobic
A
oral cefixime 400mg (single dose) + oral azithromycin 2g (single dose)
9
Q
Chlamydia treatment
A
Doxycycline- 7 days
10
Q
Chlamydia treatment if pregnant
A
Azithromycin, erythromycin or amoxicillin
11
Q
what organism is BV?
A
Gardnerella vaginalis
12
Q
what organism is syphillis
A
Treponema Pallidum
13
Q
whats associated with syphyilis
A
painless ulcer
14
Q
Strawberry cervix?
A
trichomoniasis
15
Q
frothy yellow green discharge
A
trichomoniasis
16
Q
fishy odour?
A
bacterial vaginosis
17
Q
vulvovaginitis
A
trichomoniasis
18
Q
Clue cells
A
bacterial vaginosis
19
Q
cottage cheese discharge
A
candidiasis
20
Q
chancre lesion
A
primary syphillis- treponema pallidum
21
Q
rash on palms
A
secondary syphillis- treponema padllidum
22
Q
condyloma late
A
secondary syphillis- treponema padllidum
22
Q
tertiary syphillis
A
gummas
23
Q
tertiary syphillis
A
aortitis
24
tertiary syphillis
argyll Robertson pupil
25
treatment of syphillis
IM benzathine penicillin or doxycycline
26
what is jarisch herxheimer reaction
fever rash, tachycardia after treatment- NOT Anyphylaxis (no wheeze or hypotension)
27
what causes genital warts
HPV 6+11
28
treatment of genital warts- NON KERATINISED
topical podophyllum
29
treatment of genital warts- KERATINISED
cryotherapy
30
treatment of genital herpes
Acyclovir oral
31
what organism causes laymphogranuloma venereum?
Chlamydia Trachoma's
32
Laymphogranuloa venereum associated with?
bloody stools, rectal pain, discharge, tenesmus- IBS type picture
33
Laymphogranuloa venereum treatment
doxycycline
34
in IVf what cell stage is the embryo transferred into the uterus
day 5 blastocyst
35
treatment of hyperemesis
cyclizine of prochlorperazine
36
molar pregnancy
snowstorm on US
37
whats a partial molar pregnancy?
2 sperms fertile normal ovum so theres 3 sets of chromosomes and a fetus present
38
what is a complete molar pregnancy?
empty ovum gets fertilized by 2 sperm
39
"Grape like appearance "
hydatidiform mole- complete mole
40
most common site of ectopic pregnancy
ampulla
41
whats the most common cervial cancer
squamous cell
42
what cells do hpv infect in the cervix
stratum basale
43
schiller Duval bodies
yolk sac tumour
44
increased afp
yolk sac tumour
45
fried egg appearance
dysgerminioma
46
hair bone and teeth growing in uterus- may have hyperthyroidism
teratoma
47
meigs triad
fibroma, ascites, plural effusion
48
whats asscoiated with meigs triad?
fibroma- ovary
49
pulling senstation on pelvis
ovarian fibroma
50
reinke crystals
sertoli- ledig tumour
51
what ovarian tumour produces androgens
sertoli- ledig
52
what tumour secretes oestrogen?
granulosa cell tumour
53
call- Exner bodies
granulosa cell tumour
54
what tumour metastases from a GI tumour
Krukenberg tumour
55
when does sexual differntiation occur?
after 6/7 weeks
56
what do the mesonephric ducts (wolffish) give rise to?
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
57
what do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?
uterus, fallopian tubes, cerix, upper 1/3 vagina
58
what gene on the Y chromosome causes male sex
SRY
59
what does the SRY gene cause
causes sertoli cells to make Mullein inhibiting factor/ AMH
60
exercise-induced oxegen desaturation
HIV: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
61
treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
co-trimoxazole
IV pentamidine in severe cases
62
where do testes lympatic drain to
para aortic nodes
62
what type of herpes causes Kaposi's sarcoma
human herpes virus 8
63
where does the scrotum drain its lymph to
inguinal lymph nodes
64
what week does BHCG peak in pregnancy?
7
65
what is Vasa Praevia
where unprotected blood vessels from the baby's placenta or umbilical cord cross or run very close to the cervix
66
sigin of urterine rupture?
loss of fetal station, tearing/popping sensation
67
sign of shoulder dystocia
turtle sign
68
complication of shoulder dystocia?
erbs palsy
69
what nerves are effected by erbs palsy?
C5-C6
70
E6 inhibits what?
inhibits the p53 tumour suppressor gene
71
E7 inhibits what?
RB suppressor gene
72
Mifepristone- mechanism of action?
progesterone receptor antagonist → weakening of attachment to the endometrial wall + cervical softening and dilation + induction of uterine contractions
73
misoprostol
prostaglandin analogue, binds to myometrial cells → strong myometrial contractions → expulsion of products of conception
74
whirlpool sign on ultrasound
Ovarian torsion
75
protozoan flagella- gram neg
trichomoniasis
76
blue macule on genital area
pubic lice
77
treatment of pubic lice?
melathion 0.5% or permethrin 5%
78
how does HIV attach itself to CD4 cells
GP120+
79
HIV drug side effect: anaemia, myopathy, black nails
zidovudine
80
HIV drug side effect: renal impairment and ostesoporosis
tenofovir
81
HIV drug side effect: diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, buffalo hump, central obesity, P450 enzyme inhibition
Protease inhibitors (PI)
examples: indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir
82
"ground glass infiltrates in lungs"
Pneumocystis jirovecii - Pneumocystis pneumonia
83
treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii - Pneumocystis pneumonia?
co-trimoxazole
IV pentamidine in severe cases
steroids if hypoxic
84
what is used to confirm the presence of Pneumocystis pneumonia
silver staining- Mexican hat appearance
85
PID treatment?
ciprofloxacin +metronidazole
86
what causes Kaposi's sarcoma
human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
87
what do Lydig cells do?
secrete testosterone in response to LH
88
what do thecca cells do?
take cholesterol and LH helps the thecca cell convert it to pregnenolone and progesterone
89
what do the granulosa cells do
converts androgens into oestrogen with the help of aromatase (which is stimulated by FSH)
90
what layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?
stratum functionalis which includes the:
1) stratum compactum
2) stratum spongiosum
91
What do sertoli cells do?
FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce mature sperm as well as inhibin + ABP
92
chocolate cyst?
endometrial cyst
93
grey leathery vulva
lichen simplex chronicus
94
ciggarette paper vulva
lichen sclerosis- crinkled thin skin
95
which lichen condition affects skin + mucous membranes- so in the vagina
Lichen Planus- affects labia minora predominatly
96
Bulky VS Boogy uterus- Which is fibroids which is Adenomyosis?
Fibroids- Bulky
Adenomyosis- Boggy
97
stress incontinence drug treatment?
duloxetine- used if patent doesn't want surgery and hasn't responded to pelvic floor exercises
98
urge incontinence drug treatment?
antimuscarinics: oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin
mirabegron (a beta-3 agonist) may be useful if there is concern about anticholinergic side-effects in frail elderly patients
Solefenacin
99
HER-2 + breast cancer
Trastuzamab
100
triple negative breast cancer drug?
pembrolizumab
101
Hormonal Therapy for oestrogen-positive breast cancer
PREMENOPAUSAL?
Tamoxifen
102
Hormonal Therapy for oestrogen-positive breast cancer
POSTMENOPAUSAL?
Anastrozole
103
ovarian tumour containing signet ring cells?
krukenberg tumour- metastases from GI tumour
104
White spots inside the mouth
Koplik spots- in measles
105
spots appear first on forehead
measles
106
when is implantation bleeding most likely to occur?
about 10 days post-ovulation
107
what is variable decelerations caused by?
umbilical cord compression
107
what do late decelerations mean?
uteroplacental insufficiency
108
rupture of membranes followed immediately by vaginal bleeding
Vasa praevia
109
Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes- antibiotic?
oral erythromycin should be given for 10 days (or until labour is established, whichever is sooner
110
gestational diabetes lab values
5678-
fasting glucose is >= 5.6 mmol/L
2-hour glucose is >= 7.8 mmol/L
111
What fasting plasma glucose level cut off do you just do diet and lifestyle
< 7 mmol
112
what spinal cord level is pain felt from the roof of bladder, body and fundus of the uterus and anterior wall of rectum
Above pelvic pain line (e.g., uterus body, fallopian tubes, ovaries):
→ Pain travels with sympathetics (T10–L1) visceral afferent
pain is felt over the anterior thigh or as high as the bellybutton
113
what spinal cord level is pain felt from Below pelvic pain line (e.g., cervix, upper vagina):
→ Pain travels with parasympathetics (S2–S4)
i.e you feel this pain in the posterior thigh and bum
114
What is the nerve supply to the urethral smooth muscle?
Sympathetic nerves derived from the spinal cord at T10 to L2, but descending to the bladder and urethra via the hypogastric nerves
115
what nerve supplies the detrusor muscle
Parasympathetic nerves derived from pelvic splanchnics- S2–S4- Contracts detrusor
Sympathetic- Hypogastric nerve Roots: T11–L2- Relaxes the detrusor
116
Nerve Supply of the Uterus- Sympathetic
T10–L1 spinal segments
Via: Hypogastric plexus
Function:
Modulates uterine contraction
Carries pain fibers from the uterine body/fundus
117
Nerve Supply of the Uterus- Parasympathetic
From: S2–S4 spinal segments
Via: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
118
somatic supply of lower vagina?
Pudendal nerve S2–S4- Sensation, voluntary control
119
Postpartum psychosis drugs?
olanzapine and quetiapine
120
when should ECV be offered in nullparous women?
36 weeks
121
when should ECV be offered in multiparous women?
37 weeks
122
Most common benign tumor in young women
Well-circumscribed, mobile, painless mass
Estrogen-sensitive
"Popcorn" or "patterned" calcifications
Epithelial and stromal proliferation
Fibroadenoma
123
Calcifications (microcalcifications)
Non-invasive
Malignant cells confined to ducts
"Comedo" necrosis (central necrosis with calcifications)
No lymph node involvement
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
124
Irregular, hard, fixed mass
"Stellate" appearance
Often presents as a hard lump or with skin changes (Peau d'orange).
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
125
Lobular involvement
Less distinct mass on imaging
No desmoplastic response
Multicentric and bilateral disease
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)
126
Leaf-like structures on histology
Rapid growth
Can be benign or malignant
Smooth, mobile mass
Heterogeneous appearance on ultrasound
large, painless, and rapidly growing mass.
Phyllodes Tumor
127
Peau d'orange (skin with orange peel appearance)
Rapid onset of redness and swelling
No discrete mass
Breast enlargement and warmth
Aggressive form of cancer
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
128
Premenopausal women
Cyclic breast pain
Lumpy, tender breasts
Blue-domed cysts
Fibrocystic Change
129
what happens to the umbilical vein after birth?
becomes the Round Ligament of the liver
130
what happens to the ductus venosus after birth?
becomes the ligamentum venosum (ligamentum teres)
131
what happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth
closes and becomes a remnant called the ligamentum arteriosum
132
whats a normal birth weight?
2.5-4kg
133
Baby projectile vomiting milk
Congenital pyloric stenosis
134
Red jelly poo and target sign on US
Intussusception
135
Green poo in infant
Intestinal obstruction- make sure it’s not malrotation
136
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) hormone picture?
high LH-to-FSH ratio
