Neuromuscular

Question 1

What makes up the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

striatum (caudate–putamen), lenticular nuclei (the putamen, globus pallidus externus and internus), ventral striatum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

What is CSF composition like compared to blood?

Answer 2

Lower pH (7.33), lower protein content, lower glucose and potassium

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter isn’t inactivated by reuptake when diffused out of the cleft or pumped into presynaptic nerve endings?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

Where is the aqueous humour of the eye produced?

Answer 4

ciliary epithelium. It has multiple functions including the maintenance of intraocular pressure and providing nutrition.

Question 5

Which target tissue of the sympathetic nervous system contains muscarinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors?

Answer 5

Sweat glands

Question 6

How does adrenaline differ from noradrenaline?

Answer 6

adrenaline is a more potent vasodilator, greater effect on cardiac tissue because of more potent beta-adrenergic effects, metabolic effects 5-10 times greater, greater increase in CO, less vasoconstrictive effect
Noradrenaline is a more potent activator of the RAAS system, greater effect on TPR

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is found predominantly in motor neurons?

Answer 7

Acetylcholine

Question 8

What is the most common cell in the neocortex?

Answer 8

Pyramidal neuron. Pyramidal neurons are excitatory neurons which release glutamate

Question 9

What are basket and chandelier cells?

Answer 9

Basket cells and chandelier cells are inhibitory interneurons that release GABA as their neurotransmitter.

Question 10

What are epyndymal cells?

Answer 10

Ependymal cells line the ventricles and are involved in the production of CSF.

Question 11

What are stellate cells?

Answer 11

Stellate cells are excitatory interneurons that release glutamate

Question 12

What happens in the sarcomere with muscle contraction?

Answer 12

As muscle contraction occurs, the actin and myosin filaments overlap with the actin filaments moving towards the central M line as the sarcomere shortens

Question 13

How many actin filaments surround each myosin fibre

Answer 13

Each myosin fibre is surrounded by six actin filaments

Question 14

What are thin filaments made of?

Answer 14

Actin

Question 15

What are thick filaments made of?

Answer 15

Myosin

Question 16

What is the role of tropomyosin and troponin in muscle contraction?

Answer 16

Tropomysin and troponin are closely related to actin filaments and are involved in the binding of the myosin head to the actin filament during contraction.

Question 17

Which fibres are the most susceptible to hypoxia?

Answer 17

The beta fibres

Question 18

Which fibres are most susceptible to local anaesthetic?

Answer 18

B and C fibres, but C fibres are the most

Question 19

How do action potentials start?

Answer 19

Action potentials are started by an external stimulus with sodium being the initial ion movement

Question 20

What does stimulation of alpha-1 receptors do?

Answer 20

peripheral vasoconstriction, mydriasis

Question 21

What does stimulation of B2 receptors do?

Answer 21

relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature and bronchi

Question 22

What does stimulation of B3 receptors cause?

Answer 22

stimulates lipolysis

Question 23

What does stimulation of A2 receptors cause?

Answer 23

insulin secretion and lipolysis

Question 24

Where is ADH formed?

Answer 24

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is formed mainly by the large endocrine neurons—magnocellular neurons—located in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 25

Where is oxytocin formed?

Answer 25

Oxytocin is formed by magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nuclei

Question 26

What increases the speed of acetylcholine production?

Answer 26

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 27

How is choline transported across the nerve cell membrane?

Answer 27

Actively transported via high-affinity carrier system

Question 28

How much ACTH is stored in vesicles?

Answer 28

Storage vesicles contain between 10000 and 12000 molecules of acetylcholine arranged in separate pools according to required availability.

Question 29

What are gamma motor neurons?

Answer 29

Gamma motor neurons (GMNs) are lower motor neurons that maintain 1a afferent activity during contraction of the muscle. GMNs also regulate the gain of the muscle stretch reflex by adjusting the level of tension in the intrafusal muscle fibers of the stretch receptors, or muscle spindles. GMNs help to regulate muscle length and tone but do not detect the length of resting skeletal muscle.

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is found in the projection of the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum (caudate nucleus and striatum)?

Answer 30

Dopamine. Normally this results in inhibition of the globus pallidus, however in Parkinson's disease the dopaminergic input to the putamen is lost, resulting in decreased inhibition and increased excitation of the subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus.

Question 31

Where are the primary osmoreceptors found?

Answer 31

Anterior hypothalamus

Question 32

What do neurons of the tectospinal tract control?

Answer 32

Neurons of the tectospinal tract control hand and eye movements

Question 33

Which anatomical structure is critical for the arousal of the sleep–wake cycle?

Answer 33

The ascending reticular activating system is responsible for arousal and the state of consciousness by potentiating cortical function. It is the most critical component of maintaining a state of arousal.

Question 34

What sensations do Type A nerve fibres transmit?

Answer 34

Touch, pain (fast), cold, proprioception

Question 35

W