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Y2 Exercise Physiology > Neuromuscular Physiology > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic neuron anatomy (6)

A 
Dendrites
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
Axon Terminal
Synaptic clefts (gaps)
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2
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

pick up signals from other neurons

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3
Q

what is the soma?

A

the cell body

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4
Q

where are action potentials generated?

A

at axon hillocks

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5
Q

What 2 types of transport make up axoplasmic transport

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

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6
Q

What protein does anterograde transport use and where does it go

A

Kinesin

towards axon tip

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7
Q

What protein does retrograde transport use and where does it go

A

Dynein

back to cell body

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8
Q

What is axoplasmic transport?

A

microtubules made of tubulin running along axon

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9
Q

Where are electrical synapses found?

A

in the Heart

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10
Q

What are electrical synapses and what do they do

A

Gap junctions - bidirectional

allow ions and small molecule to pass through

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11
Q

What are chemical synapses and how do they work

A

synaptic vesicles pass neurotransmitters across the cleft

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12
Q

How does exocytosis of synaptic vesicles happen

A

Ca+ influx activates snare proteins on the outside of vesicles and within cell membrane

the snare proteins combine with each other pulling the vesicle towards the membrane

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of snare proteins

A

V-snare (vesicle) - Synaptotagmin, Synaptobrevin

T-Snare (membrance) - Snap-25, Syntaxin

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14
Q

What happens when muscle AP is trigger

A

travels down T-tubles opening Ca2+ release channels in SR

  • Ca2+ into sarcoplasm
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15
Q

What does Ca2+ do once in sarcoplasm

A

binds to troponin exposing myosin binding sites allowing myosin heads to bind and power stroke to commence

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16
Q

what happens to Ca2+ after the power stroke

A

it is actively pumped out of sarcoplasm to restore low resting levels

17
Q

What are the 4 neurotransmitter groups

A

Cholinergic Neurons

Catecholaminergic

Serotonergic

Amino Acidergic Neurons

18
Q

Where are cholinergic neurons found?

A

all motor neurons in spinal cord and brain stem

  • use acetylcholine
19
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesised

A

Acetyl-CoA + Choline (Choline Acetyltransferase) = Acetylcholine

20
Q

What are catecholaminergic neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

all stem from tyrosine

21
Q

What does the neurotransmitter serotonin do?

A

happiness, sleep, digestive regulation

it’s regulation is related to exercise & light exposure

22
Q

How does low serotonin levels effect dopamine

A

dopamine will be over produced

23
Q

What does glutamate do ?

A

related to memory, learning

found in brain

24
Q

what does GABA do?

A

calming neurotransmitter

related to anti-anxiety medication

25
Q

How does cocaine effect neurotransmitters

A

Blocks re-uptake transport meaning neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft

26
Q

What does botox do?

A

cleaves snare proteins preventing vesicles binding to membrane

27
Q

How does a dynamometer work?

A

measures force/strength in newtons or newton meters

28
Q

what does electromyography do?

A

measures electrical changes in the potential of a muscle

from surface or intramuscular electrodes

29
Q

How can areas of the brain be stimulated

A

magnetic stimulation

legs have a smaller area but arms is bigger giving more fine motor control

30
Q

How is electrical stimulation used

A

insert electrical stimulation device into nerves of interest to send signals

31
Q

What is the MWAVE

A

a response to electrical stimulation

  • a compound muscle action potential
32
Q

what is a Motor evoked potential (MEP) and how is to different to an MWAVE

A

Magnetic or electrical stimulation elicited through motor cortex travel than direct to muscle/nerve

33
Q

What 3 things can be measured with neurotransmission

A

Excitability (M-wave area/amplitude)

Contractility (twitch force, peak time)

Voluntary Activation (1- (sTw/pTw)) *100

Y2 Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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