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PE - anatomy and physiology > neuromuscular system > Flashcards

neuromuscular system Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

3 types of muscle fibre

A

. slow oxidative (slow twitch)
. fast oxidative glycolytic
. fast glycolytic

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2
Q

fast glycolytic features

A

. structurally designed to work anaerobically
. large stores of enzymes - enable production of ATP and glucose
. used for highly explosive events

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3
Q

pros of fast glycolytic

A

. rapid energy production
. very fast contraction for high intensity

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4
Q

con of fast glycolytic muscle fibre

A

short duration

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5
Q

slow oxidative features

A

. structurally designed to store oxygen in myoglobin
. produces oxygen in mitochondria
. works aerobically
. better adapted to lower intensity

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6
Q

pros of slow oxidative

A

. resistant to fatigue
. works for long durations

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7
Q

con of slow oxidative

A

slower contraction speed than FTF - generates a smaller amount of force

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8
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic features

A

. contain moderate amounts of myoglobin
. generates considerable amounts of ATP through anaerobic and aerobic respiration
. good for high intensity events where longer bursts of energy is needed

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9
Q

pros of fast oxidative glycolytic

A

. moderately resistant to fatigue
. produce large amounts of force quickly

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10
Q

con of fast oxidative glycolytic

A

. moderate duration

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11
Q

3 sport examples for slow oxidative

A

. marathon
. cross country
. triathlon

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12
Q

3 sport examples for fast oxidative glycolytic

A

. football game
. 1500m race
. floor routine in gymnastics

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13
Q

3 sport examples for fast glycolytic

A

. 100m sprint
. triple jump
. 100m swim

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14
Q

aerobic

A

exercise that Is low to medium intensity where the oxygen demand of the muscles can be met

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15
Q

anaerobic

A

exercise that is high intensity such as sprinting, where the demand for oxygen by the muscles is so high that it cannot be met

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16
Q

contraction speed

A

how quickly the muscle fibre can contract

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17
Q

motor neuron size

A

how big the motor neuron is. the bigger, the greater the contraction speed

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18
Q

motor neuron conduction capacity

A

how fast an electrical impulse moves through your nerve from CNS to muscle

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19
Q

force produced

A

amount of force produced by muscle fibre

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20
Q

fatiguability

A

how quickly the muscle fibres tire

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21
Q

mitochondrial density

A

how many mitochondria are present in muscle fibres

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22
Q

capillary density

A

how many capillaries are found in the muscle fibres

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23
Q

aerobic capacity

A

how much oxygen the body can utilise during exercise

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24
Q

anaerobic capacity

A

how much ATP can be burned to produce energy without oxygen

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25
myosin ATPase/glycolytic enzyme capacity
the enzymes that synthesise ATP to produce energy
26
characteristics of slow oxidative
. contraction speed - slow . motor neuron size - small . motor neuron conduction capacity - slow . force produced - low . fatiguability - low . mitochondrial density - high . myoglobin content - high . capillary density - high . aerobic capacity - very high . anaerobic capacity - low . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - low
27
characteristics for fast oxidative glycolytic
. contraction speed - fast . motor neuron size - large . motor neuron conduction capacity - fast . force produced - high . fatiguability - medium . mitochondrial density - medium . myoglobin content - medium . capillary density - medium . aerobic capacity - high . anaerobic capacity - high . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - high
28
characteristics for fast glycolytic
. contraction speed - fast . motor neuron size - large . motor neuron conduction capacity - fast . force produced - high . fatiguability - high . mitochondrial density - low . myoglobin content - low . capillary density - low . aerobic capacity - low . anaerobic capacity - very high . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - very high
29
functional muscle fibre characteristics
. contraction speed . motor neuron conduction capacity . force produced . fatiguability . aerobic capacity . anaerobic capacity . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity
30
structural muscle fibre characteristics
. motor neuron size . mitochondrial density . myoglobin content . capillary density
31
what does a motor unit consist of?
motor neurone and its muscle fibres
32
motor unit structure
. a motor neurone is the nerve cell which transmits the brain's instructions as electrical impulses to the muscle . the neuromuscular junction is where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meets
33
things to know about motor units
. they vary in size, one motor unit may attach to 1000 muscle fibres, another may attach to 10 . the same muscle could have different sized motor units within it, to allow for different actions . each motor unit, only have the same type of muscle fibre
34
action potential
the electrical impulse that sends a signal
35
all or none law
. motor unit receives a stimulus from the CNS (cerebellum) and creates action potential -> . the action potential MUST reach a certain charge threshold to cause action -> . EITHER: - all muscles fibres within motor unit contract with maximum force - or none of the muscle fibres within the motor unit contract
36
what must b=happen fir maximum contraction in all or none law?
all of the motor units must be stimulated
37
how to vary the strength of a contraction?
. recruit more and larger motor units . then utilise the motor units by using wave summation and spatial summation to increase strength of each contraction
38
wave summation
decreasing the time between impulses so that the muscle fibres don't have time to relax, resulting in a continuous wave of contraction
39
how wave summation works
. calcium needs to be present . repeated nerve impulses (no time to relax) causes calcium to build up in muscle cell . produces a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction known as tetanic contraction
40
tetanic contraction
a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli
41
spatial summation
when the strength of a contraction changes by altering. the number and size of the muscles motor units
42
how does spatial summation work?
impulses are sent down different motor units at different times which shares worked out and reduces fatigue
43
isometric contraction
when a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement
44
muscle spindles
these detect how and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex
45
golgi tendon organs
these are activated when there is tension in a muscle
46
location of muscle spindles
proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres
47
how do muscle spindles work?
. provide info (excitatory signals) to the CNS about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched . CNS then sends an impulse back to the muscle telling it to contract, triggering the stretch reflex
48
purpose of muscle spindles
causes the muscles to contract to prevent over stretching, reducing the risk of injury
49
location of golgi tendon organs
between the muscle fibre and tendon
50
how do golgi tendon organs work?
. when muscles contract isometrically in PNF, they sense the increase in muscle tension and sends inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen (autogenic inhibition)
51
purpose of golgi tendon organs
detect levels of tension in a muscle
52
stage 1 of PNF
passive stretch with hep of a partner until tension is felt
53
stage 1 of PNF for muscle spindles
stretch is detected and if muscle is being stretched too far, stretch reflex will occur
54
stage 2 of PNF
isometrically contract the muscle for at least10 seconds by pushing their leg against their partner who supplies just enough resistance
55
stage 2 of PNF for golgi tendon organs
activated and the inhibitory signals send override the excitatory signals from muscle spindles to delay stretch reflex
56
stage 3 of PNF
leg lifted up again and stretched a little further for another 10 seconds
57
stage 3 of PNF for muscle spindles
goes back to beginning when tension is felt
58
stage 3 of PNF for golgi tendon organs
they allow the antagonist muscle to relax so their leg can be stretched further (autogenic inhibition)
59
stage 4 of PNF
repeated until no gains are possible
60
risks of PNF stretching
. overstretching - injury . loss of power - shouldn't be done before training
61
how to perform PNF safely
. good communication . warm up . knowledge

PE - anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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