neuromuscular system

Question 1

3 types of muscle fibre

Answer 1

. slow oxidative (slow twitch)
. fast oxidative glycolytic
. fast glycolytic

Question 2

fast glycolytic features

Answer 2

. structurally designed to work anaerobically
. large stores of enzymes - enable production of ATP and glucose
. used for highly explosive events

Question 3

pros of fast glycolytic

Answer 3

. rapid energy production
. very fast contraction for high intensity

Question 4

con of fast glycolytic muscle fibre

Answer 4

short duration

Question 5

slow oxidative features

Answer 5

. structurally designed to store oxygen in myoglobin
. produces oxygen in mitochondria
. works aerobically
. better adapted to lower intensity

Question 6

pros of slow oxidative

Answer 6

. resistant to fatigue
. works for long durations

Question 7

con of slow oxidative

Answer 7

slower contraction speed than FTF - generates a smaller amount of force

Question 8

fast oxidative glycolytic features

Answer 8

. contain moderate amounts of myoglobin
. generates considerable amounts of ATP through anaerobic and aerobic respiration
. good for high intensity events where longer bursts of energy is needed

Question 9

pros of fast oxidative glycolytic

Answer 9

. moderately resistant to fatigue
. produce large amounts of force quickly

Question 10

con of fast oxidative glycolytic

Answer 10

. moderate duration

Question 11

3 sport examples for slow oxidative

Answer 11

. marathon
. cross country
. triathlon

Question 12

3 sport examples for fast oxidative glycolytic

Answer 12

. football game
. 1500m race
. floor routine in gymnastics

Question 13

3 sport examples for fast glycolytic

Answer 13

. 100m sprint
. triple jump
. 100m swim

Question 14

aerobic

Answer 14

exercise that Is low to medium intensity where the oxygen demand of the muscles can be met

Question 15

anaerobic

Answer 15

exercise that is high intensity such as sprinting, where the demand for oxygen by the muscles is so high that it cannot be met

Question 16

contraction speed

Answer 16

how quickly the muscle fibre can contract

Question 17

motor neuron size

Answer 17

how big the motor neuron is. the bigger, the greater the contraction speed

Question 18

motor neuron conduction capacity

Answer 18

how fast an electrical impulse moves through your nerve from CNS to muscle

Question 19

force produced

Answer 19

amount of force produced by muscle fibre

Question 20

fatiguability

Answer 20

how quickly the muscle fibres tire

Question 21

mitochondrial density

Answer 21

how many mitochondria are present in muscle fibres

Question 22

capillary density

Answer 22

how many capillaries are found in the muscle fibres

Question 23

aerobic capacity

Answer 23

how much oxygen the body can utilise during exercise

Question 24

anaerobic capacity

Answer 24

how much ATP can be burned to produce energy without oxygen

Question 25

myosin ATPase/glycolytic enzyme capacity

Answer 25

the enzymes that synthesise ATP to produce energy

Question 26

characteristics of slow oxidative

Answer 26

. contraction speed - slow . motor neuron size - small . motor neuron conduction capacity - slow . force produced - low . fatiguability - low . mitochondrial density - high . myoglobin content - high . capillary density - high . aerobic capacity - very high . anaerobic capacity - low . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - low

Question 27

characteristics for fast oxidative glycolytic

Answer 27

. contraction speed - fast . motor neuron size - large . motor neuron conduction capacity - fast . force produced - high . fatiguability - medium . mitochondrial density - medium . myoglobin content - medium . capillary density - medium . aerobic capacity - high . anaerobic capacity - high . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - high

Question 28

characteristics for fast glycolytic

Answer 28

. contraction speed - fast . motor neuron size - large . motor neuron conduction capacity - fast . force produced - high . fatiguability - high . mitochondrial density - low . myoglobin content - low . capillary density - low . aerobic capacity - low . anaerobic capacity - very high . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity - very high

Question 29

functional muscle fibre characteristics

Answer 29

. contraction speed . motor neuron conduction capacity . force produced . fatiguability . aerobic capacity . anaerobic capacity . myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme capacity

Question 30

structural muscle fibre characteristics

Answer 30

. motor neuron size . mitochondrial density . myoglobin content . capillary density

Question 31

what does a motor unit consist of?

Answer 31

motor neurone and its muscle fibres

Question 32

motor unit structure

Answer 32

. a motor neurone is the nerve cell which transmits the brain's instructions as electrical impulses to the muscle . the neuromuscular junction is where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meets

Question 33

things to know about motor units

Answer 33

. they vary in size, one motor unit may attach to 1000 muscle fibres, another may attach to 10 . the same muscle could have different sized motor units within it, to allow for different actions . each motor unit, only have the same type of muscle fibre

Question 34

action potential

Answer 34

the electrical impulse that sends a signal

Question 35

all or none law

Answer 35

. motor unit receives a stimulus from the CNS (cerebellum) and creates action potential -> . the action potential MUST reach a certain charge threshold to cause action -> . EITHER: - all muscles fibres within motor unit contract with maximum force - or none of the muscle fibres within the motor unit contract

Question 36

what must b=happen fir maximum contraction in all or none law?

Answer 36

all of the motor units must be stimulated

Question 37

how to vary the strength of a contraction?

Answer 37

. recruit more and larger motor units . then utilise the motor units by using wave summation and spatial summation to increase strength of each contraction

Question 38

wave summation

Answer 38

decreasing the time between impulses so that the muscle fibres don't have time to relax, resulting in a continuous wave of contraction

Question 39

how wave summation works

Answer 39

. calcium needs to be present . repeated nerve impulses (no time to relax) causes calcium to build up in muscle cell . produces a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction known as tetanic contraction

Question 40

tetanic contraction

Answer 40

a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

Question 41

spatial summation

Answer 41

when the strength of a contraction changes by altering. the number and size of the muscles motor units

Question 42

how does spatial summation work?

Answer 42

impulses are sent down different motor units at different times which shares worked out and reduces fatigue

Question 43

isometric contraction

Answer 43

when a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement

Question 44

muscle spindles

Answer 44

these detect how and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex

Question 45

golgi tendon organs

Answer 45

these are activated when there is tension in a muscle

Question 46

location of muscle spindles

Answer 46

proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres

Question 47

how do muscle spindles work?

Answer 47

. provide info (excitatory signals) to the CNS about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched . CNS then sends an impulse back to the muscle telling it to contract, triggering the stretch reflex

Question 48

purpose of muscle spindles

Answer 48

causes the muscles to contract to prevent over stretching, reducing the risk of injury

Question 49

location of golgi tendon organs

Answer 49

between the muscle fibre and tendon

Question 50

how do golgi tendon organs work?

Answer 50

. when muscles contract isometrically in PNF, they sense the increase in muscle tension and sends inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen (autogenic inhibition)

Question 51

purpose of golgi tendon organs

Answer 51

detect levels of tension in a muscle

Question 52

stage 1 of PNF

Answer 52

passive stretch with hep of a partner until tension is felt

Question 53

stage 1 of PNF for muscle spindles

Answer 53

stretch is detected and if muscle is being stretched too far, stretch reflex will occur

Question 54

stage 2 of PNF

Answer 54

isometrically contract the muscle for at least10 seconds by pushing their leg against their partner who supplies just enough resistance

Question 55

stage 2 of PNF for golgi tendon organs

Answer 55

activated and the inhibitory signals send override the excitatory signals from muscle spindles to delay stretch reflex

Question 56

stage 3 of PNF

Answer 56

leg lifted up again and stretched a little further for another 10 seconds

Question 57

stage 3 of PNF for muscle spindles

Answer 57

goes back to beginning when tension is felt

Question 58

stage 3 of PNF for golgi tendon organs

Answer 58

they allow the antagonist muscle to relax so their leg can be stretched further (autogenic inhibition)

Question 59

stage 4 of PNF

Answer 59

repeated until no gains are possible

Question 60

risks of PNF stretching

Answer 60

. overstretching - injury . loss of power - shouldn't be done before training

Question 61

how to perform PNF safely

Answer 61

. good communication . warm up . knowledge