respiratory system

Question 1

order of passage of air into the lungs

Answer 1

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

the movement of gas molecules from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

Question 3

gaseous exchange

Answer 3

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 4

intercostal muscles

Answer 4

muscles that lie between the ribs

Question 5

tidal volume

Answer 5

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 6

tidal volume during exercise

Answer 6

increase due to increased breathing rate

Question 7

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 7

volume if air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 8

inspiratory reserve volume during exercise

Answer 8

decrease due to greater depth of breathing

Question 9

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 10

expiratory reserve volume during exercise

Answer 10

slight decrease due to greater depth of breathing

Question 11

residual volume

Answer 11

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 12

residual volume during exercise

Answer 12

remains the same

Question 13

minute ventilation

Answer 13

number of breaths x tidal volume, volume of air breathed in or out per minute

Question 14

minute ventilation during exercise

Answer 14

big increase as the exercise is more demanding

Question 15

spirometre

Answer 15

a device that is used to measure the volume offer inspired and expired by the lungs

Question 16

point A on spirometre

Answer 16

the performer is at rest and not doing exercise at high intensity this is because the trace is at a constant and volume of air breathed in hasn’t increased

Question 17

point B on spirometre

Answer 17

the performer starts to exercise as the trace and volume of air breathed in starts to increase

Question 18

point C on spirometre

Answer 18

the performer has reached their plateau as the trace lines are together and even higher meaning the breathing rate has increased and in quicker time. this is due to high intensity exercise and needing a lot of oxygen

Question 19

point D on spirometre

Answer 19

they have stopped exercise so returned to normal breathing rate

Question 20

point E on spirometre

Answer 20

they’re trying to recover as there’s a lot less air in the lungs

Question 21

why are alveoli good for gaseous exchange?

Answer 21

. very thin walls as one cell thick so short route for diffusion
. large surface area as there are millions of them in each lung so greater opportunity for diffusion to occur
. good blood supply as they’re covered in extensive network of capillaries so greater surface area for diffusion to occur

Question 22

why are capillaries so good for gaseous exchange?

Answer 22

. one cell thick so short route for diffusion
. large surface area so greater opportunity for diffusion to occur
. narrow diameter so slow passage of red blood cells

Question 23

partial pressure

Answer 23

the pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 24

diffusion gradient

Answer 24

difference between concentration levels of gases from one area to another steeper gradient, faster diffusion

Question 25

inspiration at rest process

Answer 25

. diaphragm contracts and flattens . external intercostal muscles contract causing the ribcage to move up and out . thoracic cavity increases which increases the volume. this decreases partial pressure and so air is drawn into the lungs

Question 26

inspiration during exercise process

Answer 26

. diaphragm contracts and flattens . external intercostal muscles contract causing the ribcage to move up and out . to increase the volume of thoracic cavity so that air can be drawn in more quickly . scalenes and pectorals contract to elevate ribcage further

Question 27

expiration at rest process

Answer 27

. passive breathing - no muscles contract, expiration just happens . diaphragms relaxes and moves back up . external intercostal muscles relax so the ribcage moves down and in . this reduces the volume of thoracic cavity, which increases partial pressure and therefore air moves out of the lungs

Question 28

expiration during exercise process

Answer 28

. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax . to get air in more quickly, the thoracic cavity size is forced smaller so that the pressure difference is greater . the is achieved by: - internal intercostal muscles contracting to force ribcage in - abdominals contracting which forces diaphragm up

Question 29

what does the medulla oblongata contain?

Answer 29

cardiac control centre and respiratory centre

Question 30

what is the inspiratory centre responsible for?

Answer 30

inspiration and passive expiration

Question 31

process of inspiration and passive expiration

Answer 31

1. sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles. intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles 2. this causes them to contract 3. this stimulation lasts for approx 2 secs and then stops for approx 3 secs which allows passive expiration to occur due to elastic recoil of the lungs 4. a continuous process when we are breathing

Question 32

process of inspiration and passive expiration during exercise

Answer 32

additional inspiratory muscles are also stimulated

Question 33

what is the expiratory centre responsible for?

Answer 33

stimulating the expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 34

chemical control of breathing

Answer 34

1. chemoreceptors detect increase in blood acidity (due to increase in plasma concentration and increase in lactic acid production) 2. impulses are sent to inspiratory centre in medulla to increase ventilation until blood acidity has returned to normal 3. rate, depth and rhythm of breathing increases

Question 35

how does ventilation increase during exercise

Answer 35

respiratory centre sends impulses dow the phonic nerve to stimulate more respiratory muscles

Question 36

factors affecting neural control of breathing

Answer 36

. propioceptors . baroreceptors . stretch receptors

Question 37

proprioceptors neural control of breathing

Answer 37

. they detect and increase in muscle movement . provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing rate during exercise

Question 38

baroreceptors neural control of breathing

Answer 38

. detect any change in diastolic pressure . decrease in diastolic pressure to detected results in increase in breathing rate

Question 39

stretch receptors neural control of breathing

Answer 39

. prevent over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles so that expiration occurs

Question 40

hormonal control of breathing

Answer 40

. just before, the brain sends impulses to the adrenal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of the increased need for O2 and CO2 exchange . anticipatory rise causes breathing rate to increase in preparation

Question 41

cilia

Answer 41

microscopic hair like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

Question 42

COPD

Answer 42

chronic and debilitating disease. it covers a number of different diseases including emphysema, causes a shortness of breath

Question 43

carbon monoxide (CO)

Answer 43

a poisonous gas that has a greater affinity with haemoglobin than oxygen. too much of this can kill you, if no room for oxygen in the blood stream left

Question 44

negative impacts of lifestyle choices on the respiratory system

Answer 44

1. smoking causes a build up of tar 2. cigarette smoke damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 3. smoking damages the alveoli 4. carbon monoxide is found in cigarette smoke

Question 45

how does smoking affect you health when tar builds up?

Answer 45

. build up of tar causes irritation of the trachea and bronchi . this reduces lung function . increases breathlessness caused by the swelling and narrowing of the lungs airways

Question 46

how does cigarette smoke damage the cels lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 46

. the hair like cilia on the surface, which help tp push mucus out of the lung, become damaged causing excess mucus to build up in the lung passages . smokers cough develops to try to get rid of mucus . excess mucus built up due to poisonous gases

Question 47

why is smoking damaging the alveoli a bad thing?

Answer 47

. as it breaks down their walls down which causes them to join together and form larger airspaces than normal . this reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange which increases the risk of COPD

Question 48

why is carbon monoxide in cigarettes bad for you?

Answer 48

. taken in and combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells more readily than oxygen . this reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and reduces the effectiveness of transport . this causes breathlessness during exercise

Question 49

how smoking negatively affects aerobic exercise

Answer 49

. decreased efficiency of respiratory system to supply oxygen to muscles . carbon monoxide reduces the amount of O2 absorbed in blood as haemoglobin has greater affinity to CO than CO2 . decreased efficiency of gaseous exchange . likely to experience fatigue earlier die to reduction in gaseous exchange, CO2 and lactic acid removal

Question 50

benefits of training on respiratory system

Answer 50

. increased size and number of alveoli - more efficient gaseous exchange due to larger surface area and increased blood supply . greater saturation of haemoglobin with O2 . lungs become more elastic and therefore can expand and react more efficiently - increased air flow in and out of lungs . reduce fatigue/lactic acid build up