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ANATOMY L2 > Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles are there in the body?

What percentage of weight do they make up?

A

600

40%

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2
Q

What does the SAN (sinoatrial node) control?

A

Contraction of the heart

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3
Q

What is the set rhythm of the heart and what is it called?

A

72bpm

Autorhythmicity

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A 
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Smooth muscle (walls of the small intenstine)
Skeletal muscle (hamstrings or triceps)
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5
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Voluntary

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8
Q

What is the appearance of the cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Striped or streaked

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the smooth muscle

A

Smooth, spindle shaped

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10
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Striated

Striped or streaked

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11
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle

A

Continuous beating to push oxygen around the body

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12
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle

A

To break down in digested good and drink

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13
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle

A

Create bodily movement

Or to prevent unwanted movement

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14
Q

What are the four key characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Contactility: ability to shorten

Extensibility: ability to stretch and lengthen

Elasticity: ability to return to its original size and shape

Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli from the nervous system

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15
Q

What is perimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps bundles of fibres

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16
Q

What is endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps single muscle fibres

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17
Q

What are myofilaments

A

Myosin and actin which are located inside sacromeres

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18
Q

What is epimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps the whole muscle

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19
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

The myofilaments (actin & myosin) slide over each other, creating a shortening of the sarcomere which causes shortening or lengthening of the entire muscle

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20
Q

What are the structural features of slow twitch fibres TYPE 1

A 
Small diameter 
Large myoglobin content 
Many mitochondria
Many capillaries to deliver blood and oxygen
Red in colour
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21
Q

What are the structural features of fast twitch fibres TYPE 2

A 
Larger diameter 
Smaller myoglobin content 
Fewer mitochondria 
Fewer capillaries 
White in colour
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22
Q

What are the functional features of slow twitch fibres

A 
Increased oxygen delivery 
Produce less force 
Long term contractions 
Resistant to fatigue 
Aerobic
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23
Q

What are the functions of fast twitch fibres

A 
Decreased oxygen delivery
Generate more force 
Short term contraction 
Less resistant to fatigue 
Anaerobic
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24
Q

What are the activities of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Lower intensity aerobic exercises
Endurance based
Maintaining posture & stabilisation

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25
What are the activities for fast twitch fibres
Rapid, intense movements Strength training Sprinting Anaerobic training
26
What exercise will increase the size of fast twitch fibres
Intense exercise that brings about anaerobic metabolism
27
What exercise will develop the aerobic capacity of slow twitch fibres
Moderate intensity, aerobic endurance
28
What are intermediate fibres
Adapt depending on the type of training or exercise. Cardio training - slow twitch Resistance training - fast twitch
29
How do skeletal muscles create movement
Muscles receive a message from the brain to shorten Muscles exert a force and pull on the bones As one muscles contacts and shortens, the other relaxes and lengthens
30
What is the origin of the muscle
The fixed anchor point | The one nearest to the centre midline of the body
31
What is the insertion of the muscle
The one furthest away from the centre midline of the body The end of the muscle attached to the bone
32
What is isotonic contraction
Muscles moving under tension by shortening or lengthening
33
What is concentric contraction
The muscle shortens under tension. The curling upward phase of a bicep curl
34
What is eccentric contraction
The muscle lengthens under tension The straightening downward phase of a bicep curl
35
What is isometric contraction
The muscle remaining the same length under tension Holding a squat at the bottom of the movement
36
What is the agonist
The prime mover. | E.G : the biceps contacting during a bicep curl
37
What is an antagonist
The opposing muscle to the prime mover. Triceps during a bicep curl
38
What is the synergist
Assists the prime mover. The hamstrings assist the Glutes in a hip extension
39
What is a fixator
The muscle that contracts to stabilise the body
40
What is the nervous systems primary role?
Maintaining a constant balance of the internal environment (homeostasis)
41
What are three functions of the nervous system
Sensation Integration Response
42
Describe the role of sensation of the nervous system
Gathers information about the internal and external environment
43
What is the role of integration of the nervous system
Interperates and analyses the information gathered and decides on the appropriate action Some voluntary and some involuntary
44
What is the role of response of the nervous system
Responds to the information analyses by initiating the appropriate action
45
What system does the nervous system work closely with?
The endocrine system Responsible for releasing hormones to maintain homeostasis
46
What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system?
CNS | PNS
47
What is the CNS comprised of?
The brain and the spinal chord
48
Describe the CNS
Control base for the whole nervous system All nerve impulses that stimulate muscles to contract and create movement originate from the CNS
49
What is the cerebrum of the brain?
The largest and most superior Takes up most space of the skull
50
What is the cerebellum of the brain?
The smaller part Inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem. Acts as a memory bank for all learnt skills. Controlling the group action of muscles Communicates and works with the cerebrum
51
What is the diencephalon of the brain?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
52
What is the brain stem of the brain?
Medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons/ the stalk like Component at the inferior aspect of the brain. Lower portion is a continuation of the spinal chord
53
What does the spinal chord do?
Communication link between the brain and the PNS. Analyses information and produces responses via reflex arc
54
What is the PNS system?
Consists of all the branches of nerves that lie outside the spinal chord. Role is to transport messages through its nerve cells, to and from the CNS
55
What are neurons responsible for
Transmitting electrical messages
56
What are spinal nerves divided in to?
Sensory neurons Motor neurons
57
What are sensory neurons
Carry messages to the CNS from the sensory organs
58
What are motor neurons
Transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands with instructions Anterior side of the spinal chord
59
What does a neuron consist of
Cell body: directs the activities of the neuron Nucleus: stores the cells genetic info ( tells the cell what to do ) Axon: transmits messages away from the cell body Myelin sheath: insulates the axon to speed up the transport of messages
60
What is the all or none law
When an impulse is sent down a neuron, all the muscle fibres are innervated. The motor unit activates all of fibres or none at all. Applies to individual motor units, not the entire muscle.
61
What is the ratio of motor units for muscles responsible for strength and largest force generation
1:2000
62
What is the ratio of motor units for muscles involved in finer movements?
1:50
63
What are the short term effects of exercise on the neuromuscular system
Increased muscle temperature Increased ability to stretch further Increased power output Increased nerve to muscle link Increased recruitment of muscle fibres
64
What are the long term benefits of exercise on the neuromuscular system?
Increased muscle endurance/hypertrophy/strength Increased stores of glycogen and creating phosphate in muscle Increased nasal metablolic rate Improved posture
65
What are the muscle sense organs that form part of the autonomic nervous system?
Joint receptors: inform the brain about the position of the joint Muscle spindles: inform the brain about the length of a surrounding muscle fibre - prevents over stretching Golgi tendon organs: tell the brain how much tension a muscle is under
66
What are the two main factors that influence the rate of the neuromuscular development in early years?
Genetics: genetic potential for maximum growth determined by genes Environment: opportunities to support neuromuscular development or restrictions that could hinder it, affect the potential for development in early years
67
What percentage of muscle increases in boys 5-11
42-54%
68
What Percentage of muscle increase in girls 5-13
40-45%
69
Describe the lifecycle of the neuromuscular system in teenagers
The growth of new neural pathways slows down but muscle tissue increases more in boys than girls
70
When does our neuromuscular growth stop
Age 25

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

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