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ANATOMY L2 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main structures of the skeleton?

A

Bone & Cartilage

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2
Q

Describe Bones

A

Calcified connective tissue.
206 in the body.
Connected by joints.

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3
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Withstands compression forces.

Dense, durable, fibrous connective tissue.

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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of the foetus.
It is replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.
Found at the end of the long bones that meet to form the synovial joints

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6
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but contains more elastic fibres than collagen.
Ability to realign and return to its original shape.
Found in the ear and the walls of the Eustachian tube and the epiglottis

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7
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Acts as a shock absorber.
Thicker and stronger than the other types.
Limited distribution within the body.

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8
Q

What bones are found in the axial?

A

Spine, ribs & skull

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9
Q

What bones are found in the appendicular Skeleton?

A

Upper & lower limbs.

Shoulder & pelvic girdle

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10
Q

Describe long bones

A

Greater In length than width

Act as levers

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11
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

The main shaft of the long bone.

Contains compact bone

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12
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

The ends of the long bone.

Contains cancellous bone

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13
Q

What are examples of a long bone?

A 
Femur
Humorous 
Fibula 
Tibia 
Ulna
Radius 
Metacarpals 
Metatarsals 
Phalanges
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14
Q

Describe short bones

A

As long as they are wide.
High cancellous bone.
Gives strength with reduced weight.

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15
Q

What are the examples of a short bone?

A

Carpels

Tarsals

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16
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Provides protection & large areas for muscle attachment

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17
Q

What are examples of flat bones

A 
Sternum 
Ilium 
Sternum 
Ribs
Cranial
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18
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Form complex shapes

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19
Q

Examples of irregular bone

A 
Vertebrae 
Heel bone (calcaneaus)
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20
Q

Describe sesamoid bone

A

Improves leverage

Protects the joint from damage

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21
Q

Example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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22
Q

What are epiphyseal plates

A

Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis of the long bone

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23
Q

What is perosteum

A

Tough fibrous sheath covering the long bone

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24
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Solid and strong to help the bone withstand weight bearing stress
Found in the diaphysis

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25
Describe cancellous bone
Spongy bone tissue that contains red marrow | Found in the epiphysis
26
What is medullary cavity
Hollow tube that runs down the centre of the diaphysis
27
What is yellow Marrow
Functions for the storage of fat | Found in the medullary cavity
28
What is red marrow
Functions in the production of blood cells | Found in the cancellous bone tissue
29
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system
``` Shape Protection Production Attachment Movement Storage ```
30
Where are the blood cells produced
From bone marrow
31
What are the three joints of the skeletal system
Fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous
32
Describe fibrous joints
Fixed/immoveable Cranium
33
Describe cartilaginous joint
Slightly moveable Vertabrea
34
Describe synovial joint
Freely moveable ``` Ankle Knee Hip Elbow Shoulder Neck Wrist ```
35
What connects bone to bone
Ligaments
36
What connects muscle to bone
Tendons
37
What does the synovial membrane do
Stores and secreats synovial fluid
38
What does the joint capsule do
Holds all the properties of the synovial joint in place
39
What is required for injury healing
Blood supply
40
What heals fairly easily
Bone and muscle tissue
41
What doesn't heal easily
Ligaments Tendons Cartilage
42
What are the actions for a ball and socket joint
``` Flexsion Extension Horizontal flexsion and extension Medial and lateral rotation Circumduction Addiction and abduction ```
43
Where do you find a ball and socket joint
Shoulder and hip joint
44
What action does a hinge joint allow
Flexsion and extension
45
Where do you find a hinge joint
Knee and elbow joint
46
What action does a pivot joint allow
Rotation
47
Where is the pivot joint found
In the neck. C1 & C2 Radius and ulna
48
What action does the saddle joint allow
Addiction and abduction | Flexsion and extension
49
Where do you find the saddle joint
Thumb (carpometacarple)
50
What action does the gliding joint allow
Elevation and depression
51
Where do you find a girdle joint
Shoulder girdle
52
Where do you find the ellipsoid/condyloid joint
Knuckles (metacarpopglabgeal)
53
What action does the ellipsoid/condlyoid allow
``` Flexsion Extension Addiction Abduction Circumduction ```
54
List the vertabrea names in the spine and the number
``` Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccyx - 4 ```
55
How many natural curves does an adult spine have
4 X2 convex X2 concave
56
Describe hyperlordosis
Hollow back appearance | The ab muscles are lengthened and the back muscles are shortened
57
Describe hyperkyphosis
Hunched back appearance The chest muscles are shortened The mid back muscles are lengthened
58
Describe scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
59
What is the correct degree normal thoracic and lumbar curves should be
20-45 degrees 10 degrees over is scoliosis
60
What causes postural abnormaties
Poor posture Exercise or sport in balance Age restricted conditions Medical conditions
61
What is ossification
Process in which bone is formed from the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
What are osteoblasts
Tissue that deposits calcium to help form new bone
63
What are osteoclasts
cells that eat away at old bone
64
What are osteocytes
Old osteoblasts after their role has finished
65
What affects bone formation
Nutrition : need calcium and minerals Sunlight : vitamin D is needed Hormonal secreations: Growth hormone in the pituitary gland is needed for kids and teenagers Testosterone and oestrogen is needed for adults
66
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
67
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength Increased joint stability Improved posture Improved cartilage health Increased ROM Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
68
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength Increased joint stability Improved posture Improved cartilage health Increased ROM Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
69
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
70
What are the short term effects of exercise
Increased secreation of synovial fluid Increase blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints Muscles pull on the bones to increase ROM
71
Long term benefits of exercise
Increased bone density and strength Increased joint stability Improved posture Improved cartilage health Increased ROM Reduce fracture/osteoporosis risk
72
Describe foetal bone growth
Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins
73
Describe birth-adulthood bone growth
The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand
74
When is ossification complete
18-30
75
Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life
The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages Happens earlier in women Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures
76
Describe foetal bone growth
Most of the skeleton made up of cartilage Osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace the cartilage and ossification begins
77
Describe birth-adulthood bone growth
The epiphyseal plates cause bone lengthening and growth The plates expand causing the diaphysis to expand
78
When is ossification complete
18-30
79
Describe bone growth in adulthood - later life
The calcium is lost as the skeleton ages Happens earlier in women Loss of calcium can lead to osteoporosis and can increase the risk of fractures

ANATOMY L2 (7 decks)

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