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Exercise Physiology > Neuromusculoskeletal Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Neuromusculoskeletal Response to Exercise Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Peripheral and Central

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2
Q

Motor Unit

A

The anterior motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers innervated by it

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3
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Interface between the end of a myelinated motor neuron and muscle fiber. Transmits impulse to initiate muscle action.

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4
Q

T tubule

A

Transmits action potential throughout muscle cell

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5
Q

Depolarization of T-tubule causes…

A

Ca2+ release from SR lateral sacs

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6
Q

Ca2+ binds to …. after its release from the SR

A

Troponin-tropomyosin in the actin filaments. Allows actin to bind with myosin

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7
Q

During muscle action, actin combines with….

A

myosin ATP-ase to split ATP with energy release. Tension from the energy release produces crossbridge movement

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8
Q

Myosin crossbridges are broken by…

A

ATP binding. Leads to sliding of thick and thin filaments, causing muscular shortening

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9
Q

Crossbridge activation continues when….

A

The concentration of Ca2+ remains high

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10
Q

When muscle stimulation ceases…

A

Ca2+ moves back into the SR’s lateral sacs through active transport

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11
Q

Ca2+ removal restores the….

A

inhibitory action of troponin-tropomyosin.

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12
Q

Four nerve fiber groups

A

A-alpha
A-Beta
A-Delta
C-nerve fibers

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13
Q

The thickness of a nerve fiber dictates…

A

The speed of neural transmission within the fiber

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14
Q

Phyiologic and mechanical properties that classify a motor unit

A

Twitch characteristics
Tension characteristics
Fatigability

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15
Q

Type IIb characteristics

A

Fast twitch
High Force
Fast Fatigue

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16
Q

Type IIa characteristics

A

Fast twitch
Moderate force
Fatigue resistant

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17
Q

Type I characteristics

A

Slow twitch
Low force
Fatigue Resistant

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18
Q

All or None principle

A

A stimulus strong enough to trigger an AP in the motor neuron activates all fibers in the motor unit

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19
Q

Temporal summation of APs

A

Superimposing one AP on another AP

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20
Q

Force of muscle action via

A

Increase motor unit recruitment

Increased frequency of motor unit discharge

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21
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

As muscle force requirements increase, motor neurons with larger axons are recruited

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22
Q

Size principle

A

The orderly recruiment of specific motor units to produce a smooth muscle action; allows the CNS to fine tune activity

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23
Q

How long does it take to see changes in strength?

A

Gains can be seen after on session, but six weeks min for true strength

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24
Q

Early strength gains related to…

A

Neural adaptations starting in the CNS. Increased neural drive begins in motor cortex

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25
Resistance training affect on Motor Unit activation
Increase in number of motor units recruited Increase in motor unit firing rate Increased potential for motor unit synchronization Reduction in co-activation of antagonist muscle
26
Golgi Tendon Organs
Connect to extrafusal fibers near tendon's junction to muscle Detect difference in tension generated by active muscle
27
When stimulated, golgi tendon organs...
transmit signals to the spinal cord to elicit reflex inhibition of the muscles they supply Resistance training decreases GTO inhibition
28
Central Fatigue
Alteration in brain neurotransmitter concentration which alter density of neural impulse to muscle
29
Decreased nerve impulse=
decreased force production
30
Low intensity training affect at NMJ
Muscle fiber diameter decreases while nerve terminal remains unchanged
31
High intensity training affect at NMJ
Dispersion of synapses increases. Nerve stimulates more fibers
32
Aerobic exercise improves
Cognitive function of older adults Learning in children Mood disorders -anxiety and depression
33
Proposed mechanism for aerobic exercise effect on the CNS
Improved circulation to the brain | Increased amounts of Neurotrophins
34
neurotrophins
Brain derived neurotrophic factor Insulin like growth factor Fibroblast growth factor 2
35
BDNF
Instrumental in changing the brain, especially hippocampus Easily regulated by physical activity
36
Primary differences between skeletal muscles fibers
Primary mechanism of ATP production Type of motor neuron innervation Type of myosin heavy chain expressed
37
Fast-twitch fiber characteristics
High capability for electrochemical transmission of AP High myoisin ATPase activity Rapid Ca2+ release and uptake High rate of crossbridge turnover
38
Fast twitch fiber speed of shortening is...
Three to Five times faster than slow-twitch fibers
39
Fast twitch fibers rely on...
a well developed, short term glycolytic system for energy transfer
40
Type IIa fibers
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
41
Type IIb fibers
Possess the greatest anaerobic potential and most rapid shortening velocity
42
Slow Twitch Fiber characteristics
Low myosin ATPase activity Slow calcium handling ability and shortening speed Less well-developed glycolytic capacity than fast twitch fibers Large and numerous mitochondria
43
Prolonged aerobic training causes
Larger and more numerous mitochondria; capillary density increase; Increase in oxidative enzymes; Endurance improvements at low power; selective hypertrophy
44
Adaptations to resistance training
Increase muscle strength and endurance; increase fiber size and amount of IIa fibers; Increase enzyme activity; Increase metabolic energy stores; Increase connective tissue integrity; Decreased body fat
45
Why does muscle hypertrophy?
Repeated muscle injury; particularly with repeated eccentric actions
46
Eccentric Contration disrupts
SR T-system Z disk
47
Damage to a single muscle fiber leads to..
Inflammation Proliferation Maturation
48
mRNA mediates the stimulation of
Myofibrillar protein synthesis; overcompensation of protein synthesis causes hypertrophy
49
Hyperplasia
Increased number of muscle fibers
50
Can we add muscle fibers?
Inconclusive; enlargement of existing fibers represents greatest change in cross sectional area
51
De training
Cessation of resistance exercise
52
Muscle fiber response to de training
Reductions in muscle strength | Reduction in Type II fiber area
53
Muscle fiber response to immobilization
Muscle atrophy can occur quickly; depends on fiber type and positioning
54
Normal maintenance of a muscle fiber is the product of..
Protein synthesis and protein degradation
55
Atrophy summary
Decreased fiber diameter Decreased number of myofibrils Decrease in intramuscular capillary density Increase in fibrous and fatty tissue deposits in muscle
56
Muscle adaptations to stretch
Routine stretching may add sarcomeres in series at the muscle tendon junction
57
A-Alpha nerve
Largest diameter, fastest
58
A-Beta nerve
Medium diameter; medium speed
59
A-Delta nerve
Smaller diameter; slowest of myelinated fibers
60
C-nerve fiber
Smallest diameter, slowest conduction

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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