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Psych (1.4.2) Biopsychology > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What is special about nervous tissue?

A
  • It is densely packed with cells such as neurons (less than 25% extracellular space).
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2
Q

What surround the neurons in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Provide support, nutrition, insulation and aid synaptic transmission in the nervous system.

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

They will live as long as you do (most of the time).

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5
Q

Most neurons are amitotic, what does this mean?

A

Once they specialise and take their given roles they lose the ability to divide, meaning they are irreplaceable.

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6
Q

What makes neurons irreplaceable?

A

They are amitotic (cannot divide once specialised so the number is fixed).

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7
Q

Describe the metabolic rate of neurons:

A

Very high, they require an abundant supply of glucose and oxygen, (25% of daily calories are consumed by the brains activity).

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8
Q

What is the basic structure of a neuron?

A
  • Cell body,
  • Dendrites,
  • Axons,
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9
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contains cellular components found in typical cells such as mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, ER’s and golgi.

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10
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

Receive messages from other neurons and allow them to travel to the cell body.

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11
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carry electrical impulses from the cell body to the axon terminals, (where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse).

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12
Q

What are the branch-like structures protruding from the cell body.

A

Dendrites.

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13
Q

Where is the nucleus of the nervous cell?

A

In the cell body.

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14
Q

How is the dendrite adapted to increase Surface Area?

A

They have small dendritic spines to increase SA.

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15
Q

What are the long tube-like structures that protrude from the cell body?

A

Axons.

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16
Q

Bipolar neuron cells are rare, where might they be found?

A

In the retina of the eye.

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17
Q

Where would unipolar neuron cells be found?

A

In sensory receptors.

18
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

To transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards the CNS.

19
Q

Most sensory neurons are what ____polar?

A

Uni(polar) as they transmit electrical impulses one way.

20
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

To move and impulse from the CNS to the rest of the body.

21
Q

Motor neurons are mostly _____polar?

A

Multi(polar) as they

22
Q

What is the fatty layer surrounding the axon?

A

The myelin sheath.

23
Q

Which type of neuron transmits impulses towards the CNS?

A

Sensory receptors.

24
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell function and contains all cellular DNA.

25
Q

What is the function of the Schwann cell?

A

To produce the myelin that will form the sheath.

26
Q

What part of the neuron acts as insulation to minimise the dissipation of electrical impulses?

A

The myelin sheath.

27
Q

What part of the neuron speeds up electrical transmission?

A

The myelin sheath.

28
Q

What are the functions of the myelin sheath?

A

To speed up electrical transmission by minimising the dissipation of electrical impulses.

29
Q

What biological molecule is myelin?

A

Lipid (fat).

30
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

The nodes of ranvier.

31
Q

Relay neurons are mostly ___polar:

A

Bi(polar), as they act as a messenger between other neurons.

32
Q

Which type of neurons are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin?

A

Sensory neurons.

33
Q

Match the following:

  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar
  • Relay
  • Motor
  • Sensory
A 
Sensory = Unipolar.
Relay = Bipolar.
Motor = Multipolar.
34
Q

Where are relay neurons found?

A

Between the sensory and motor neurons, in the brain and spinal cord.

35
Q

What is the function of the relay neurons?

A

To allow other neurons to speak to each other, a messenger (bipolar).

36
Q

What happens when the motor neurons are stimulated?

A

They send signals to the muscles causing them to contract and movement occurs.

37
Q

Which type of neuron is directly responsible for muscle movement?

A

Motor neurons.

38
Q

Describe the length of an axon:

A

The length has a high variation, can be very small or large enough to be seen by the human eye.

39
Q

How do the nodes of ranvier speed up transmission?

A

They force the impulse to ‘jump’ across the gaps in the axon.

40
Q

Roughly how many neurons does a human have and how many of these are in the brain?

A

Roughly 100 billion neurons, 80% of which are located in the brain (80 billion).

41
Q

What is the general variation in size for a neuron?

A

Less than a millimetre to a metre long.

42
Q

How quickly is information passed through neurons?

A

Information can travel through neurons at speeds exceeding 100 meters per second.

Psych (1.4.2) Biopsychology (13 decks)

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