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Cog Psych 2135 > Neurons and Networks (3) > Flashcards

Neurons and Networks (3) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

_______ ________ are cells that accumulate and transmit electrochemical activity in the nervous system

A

Communicative neurons

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2
Q

how is measuring cummunicative neruons useful

A

If we can measure electrical or chemical activity at this level, we can understand what’s going on in peoples heads

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3
Q

communicative neurons need ______ and ______ to survive

A

oxygen and glucose to survive

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4
Q

1000 bill neurons in the human brain are simultaneously active to _______ _______

A

process information

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5
Q

name the neural cell!

controls output of information

A

Purkinje cells

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6
Q

name the neural cell!

connects directly to a muscle which we use constantly to control movements

A

Motor neuron

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7
Q

name the neural cell!

densely packed networks in frontal cortex, with lots of inputs and outputs

Info in and out

A

Pyramidal cell

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8
Q

name the neural cell!

intakes information from outside world

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

what neurons do which

muscle to brain -
brain to muscle -

A

muscle to brain - sensory
brain to muscle - motor

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10
Q

explain dendrite function

A

Receive info from terminal boutons of adjacent neurons

input side of neuron

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11
Q

explain dendrite appearance/parts

A

Branch-like processes extending from the cell soma

Contains cell body + nucleus

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12
Q

define axon

A

Long thin tube extending from soma

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13
Q

define myelin sheath and its purpose

A

outside insulating fatty layer around axon

helps conduct information

Provides the fixed paths by which neurons communicate with one another

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14
Q

Ball-like structures located at the ends of axon branches

name it

A

Terminal Bouton

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15
Q

Terminal Bouton contains _________

forms the ________ wiht other neurons

A

Contains neurotransmitters

Form the synapses with other neurons

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16
Q

define synapse

A

Near-contact gap separating the terminal bouton of one neuron and the dendrite (or soma) of the next neuron in the chain

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17
Q

_____________ _________ is what moves through the synapse

A

Electrochemical energy

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18
Q

what two things do we use to measure the metabolism of a cell

A

glucose and oxygen

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19
Q

explain how neurotransmitters cross from axon to dendrite

A

Vesicles!!!

vesicles filled with neurotransmitters cross from axon to dendrite through the synapse, meeting up with a receptor on the dendrite

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20
Q

how many neurptransmitters can a receptor on a dendrite pick up

A

TRICK QUESTION BITCH

Receptors only able to pick up their specific neurotransmitter

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21
Q

neurotransmitters are _____ that cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron to alter the ________ ______ of the membrane of the next neuron

A

neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron to alter the electric potential of the membrane of the next neuron

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22
Q

what is the main function of a neurotransmitter

A

allow one neuron communicates with the other

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23
Q

a dysfunction in _______ neurons can lead to parkinsons

A

motor

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24
Q

All neural information processing takes place in terms of ______ and _________ effects

A

All neural information processing takes place in terms of excitatory and inhibitory effects

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25
how does neural information processing takes place in terms of excitatory and inhibitory effects
Basically neurons send a yes (excitatory) or no (inhibatory) response to one another
26
define excitatory connection define inhibatory effects
one neuron causes another neuron to fire one neuron stops the other from firing
27
Individual neurons respond to specific _______ ________
stimuli features
28
Human cognition is achieved through large neural activity patterns what are these patterns known as
neural networks
29
Biological Neuron vs Artificial network
30
Biological Neuron vs Artificial network
31
Biological Neuron vs Artificial network
32
Functional neuroimaging is possible because neurons generate an _______ ______ when they fire and because they need ______ that’s delivered by the circulatory system
Functional neuroimaging is possible because neurons generate an electrical impulse when they fire and because they need oxygen that’s delivered by the circulatory system
33
what is meant by "functional" in terms of Functional Neuroimaging
looking at brain activity changes in response to cognitive tasks or mental processes
34
name that imaging technique!!! Takes pic of the structure of the brain using x-ray Non functional Often done in conjunction with a functional test
CAT scan - Computed Axial Tomography
35
name that imaging technique!!! P drinks something containing a radioactive isotope that decays - you then measure the radioactive decay in the brain
PET scan - Positron emission tomography
36
name that imaging technique!!! Uses lasers to measure cerebral blood flow at the surface of the cortex
FNRI - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
37
name that imaging technique!!! Uses MRI tech to take picture of the brain by using the BOLD function
FMRI - Functional magnetic resonance imaging
38
name that imaging technique!!! uses changes in the magnetic field caused by electrical currents to localise activity in the brain
MEG - Magnetoencephalography
39
name that imaging technique!!! Measures cerebral blood flow as kind of a heat map that glows (cause of radiation) and shows where the person's brain has more activity
PET scan - Positron emission tomography
40
name that imaging technique!!! uses electrodes to measure electrical activity (ERP)
Uses electrodes to measure electrical activity (ERP)
41
name that imaging technique!!! Uses near infrared light to measure oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separately and then make the same inferences as a fMRI
FNRI - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
42
Match key words to the imaging technique picture x-ray non-functional
CAT scan
43
Match key words to the imaging technique radioactive decay cereberal blood flow heat map
PET scan
44
Match key words to the imaging technique BOLD function cerebral blood flow oxygenated haemoglobin levels traction Subtractive technique
FMRI
45
Match key words to the imaging technique lasers near infrared light cerebral blood flow oxygenated haemoglobin
FNRI
46
Match key words to the imaging technique electrodes ERP
EEG
47
Match key words to the imaging technique magnetic field electrical currents
MEG
48
the ____ _____ measures the difference in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin
BOLD Function
49
The BOLD Function: The oxygenated haemoglobin has different ___________ properties than deoxygenated
The oxygenated haemoglobin has different electromagnetic properties than deoxygenated
50
how does the bold function measure magnetic properties of a thinking brain
The area of the brain being used uses more oxygenated blood, then leaves deoxygenated haemoglobin We measure the difference in the electromagnetic field
51
FMRI: Whole brain is always oxygenated but we only see the region of interest because this area has slightly _____ _______
more activation
52
_____________ - using a control not subject to task and comparing their level of activation to others to make sure
traction
53
_______ _______ - we subtract out any of the extra information
Subtractive technique
54
name the advantage and disadvantage of an EEG
Advantage - you can measure it almost immediately as it happens Disadvantage - dont have the same spatial resolution
55
Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states Dr.Owen discovered we can use fMRI to do what
connect with` people who are in a vegetative state (like a coma)
56
Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states define brain dead
brain is still alive but they are not processing information (don't receive auditory, visual, sensory information, etc)
57
Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states Unable to tell if they are conscious, UNTIL MA BOI OWEN demonstrated ________ __________
Unable to tell if they are conscious, UNTIL MA BOI OWEN demonstrated willful consciousness
58
Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states explain how Dr.Owen communicated with patients in the FMRI
P’s asked to imagine themselves playing tennis (motor cortex activation) or navigating to their house (hippocampus) Asked them yes or no questions associated with those thoughts Used FMRI to see what part of their brain activated
59
Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI describe the tasks in this experiment
Participants had to learn a conjunctive rule/pattern in the light patterns and then record what the rule is The other task was a rule that couldn't be described with language
60
Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI why did they place patches over the prefrontal and parietal cortex
When people learn a rule there should be more contribution in one than the other
61
Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI results?
They found that when they made rule based responses there was more oxygenated haemoglobin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (the front side of prefrontal cortex)
62
Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI what were the variables
IndepVar = type of rule P’s asked to learn (conjunctive or cant be explained through language) DepVar = oxygenated haemoglobin levels in prefrontal and parietal cortex
63
Experiment: Exceptions to the rule explain what P's did and what they tested
People learn a complex rule while classifying stimuli Tested if there were neural differences when exceptions to the rule (randomly don't follow the rule) were presented
64
Experiment: Exceptions to the rule define late positive complex
indication of relabelling the exceptions to try to resolve a conflicting stimuli
65
Experiment: Exceptions to the rule name the variables

Cog Psych 2135 (12 decks)

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