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Intro to Psych > Neurons and the Nervous System > Flashcards

Neurons and the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Body

A

Nucleus with chromosomes

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons

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3
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

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4
Q

Myelin

A

Insulating layer of fatty material

Composed of glial cells

Helps the efficient transmission of signals to other cells

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5
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps within the myelin sheath

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6
Q

Action Potential

A

A neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave

Stimulates the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

“All-or-none”—electrical impulse is the same no matter how much stimulation the neuron receives

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7
Q

Resting Potential

A

High concentration of K+ inside neuron
Lower concentration of K+ outside neuron
Higher concentration of Na+ outside neuron

K+ channels in cell membrane open in resting state
K+ moves out of neuron, leaving a -70 mv charge

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8
Q

The Action Potential is Initiated

A

The electrical charge reaches a threshold

K+ channels close
Na+ channels open
Na+ flows into the neuron
+ charge inside the neuron increases

Charge inside the neuron is +40 millivolts

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9
Q

The Action Potential Travels Down the Axon

A

Intracellular fluid is positively charged (+40 millivolts)

Adjacent Na+ channels open
The action potential travels down the axon membrane

K+ channels open
K+ moves out of the cell
Intracellular fluid becomes negative again
K+ channels close

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10
Q

Na+/K+ Pump Restores Ion Balance

A

Na+ and K+ channels close
Na+ concentration is higher inside the cell
K+ concentration is lower inside the cell
Na+/K+ pump restores resting state charge

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11
Q

The Refractory Period

A

Another action potential can’t occur during the refractory period

After the action potential reaches +40 mv, membrane channels return to original state

The neuron can now generate another action potentia

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12
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron

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13
Q

Enzyme Deactivation (Disassembly)

A

Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse

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14
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Neurotransmitters bind to autoreceptor sites on the presynaptic neuron

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15
Q

Agonists

A

Chemical that binds to receptor
Triggers responses
Enhances neurotransmitter action

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16
Q

Antagonists

A

Chemical that binds to receptor

Blocks receptor

17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Gathers information from the body and sends CNS decisions out to the body

Connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles

Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system

18
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The body’s decisionmaker.

19
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Carry messages IN from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processin

20
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry instructions OUT from the CNS out to the body’s tissues

21
Q

Interneurons

A

(In the brain and spinal cord) Process information between the sensory input and motor output.

22
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Arousal
Returning the body to its resting state

23
Q

Endocrine System

A

Sends molecules as messages through the bloodstream

A set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones

24
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A

Recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface

Useful in studying seizures and sleep.

25
Q

Structural Neuroimaging Techniques

A

Produce images of the soft tissue in the brain

26
Q

CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography)

A

Uses thousands of x-ray images to construct an image. The x-rays are taken at slightly different angles.

27
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms

28
Q

Functional Neuroimaging Techniques

A

Show brain activity in living participant

29
Q

Functional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart, and shows changes in the level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain

30
Q

PET (positron emission tomography)

A

Allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

31
Q

Excitatory Messages

A

INCREASE firing of post-synaptic neuron

32
Q

Inhibitory Messages

A

DECREASE firing of post-synaptic neuron

Intro to Psych (8 decks)

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