Neuropathways

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Having an awareness of feelings, thoughts, and a perception

Question 2

Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS)

Answer 2

Formerly vegetative state. Eyes can be opened, can only use reflexive movements

Question 3

Minimally Conscious State

Answer 3

Some non-reflexive movements can be used as well as basic commands

Question 4

Locked-in Syndrome (LIS)

Answer 4

Patient can think and feel, but cannot voluntarily move. NOT a consciousness disorder

Question 5

Brain Stem (Medulla and Pons)

Answer 5

Responsible for turning on and off consciousness

Question 6

Reticular Formation

Answer 6

In the Brain Stem, important for arousal attention, and wake-sleep cycle

Question 7

Locus Ceruleus (LC)

Answer 7

Releases norepinephrine

Question 8

Superchiasmatic Nucleus

Answer 8

Circadian Rhythm

Question 9

seratonin

Answer 9

Arousal

Question 10

Dopamine

Answer 10

Arousal

Question 11

Histamine

Answer 11

Arousal (anti_______ make you drowsy)

Question 12

Orexin

Answer 12

Arousal

Question 13

Sleep Functions

Answer 13

Memory Consolidation, Restoration, Clearing the CNS, and Neurodevelopment

Question 14

Sensation

Answer 14

Acquiring sensory information

Question 15

Perception

Answer 15

The interpretation of sensory information

Question 16

What is the receptor in the ear?

Answer 16

Stereocilla- Hair cells on the cochlea

Question 17

Adequate Stimuli

Answer 17

What receptors detect

Question 18

how are ear pathways organized?

Answer 18

tonotopic organization, specialized for detecting frequency

Question 19

Basilar Membrane

Answer 19

base of the ear responds to high frequency, apex responds to low

Question 20

MGN thalamus

Answer 20

Medial geniculate nucleus- specific for hearing

Question 21

ipsilateral

Answer 21

Same side

Question 22

contralateral

Answer 22

opposite side

Question 23

decussate

Answer 23

Crossing the midline

Question 24

Broca’s Area

Answer 24

language production, located in the frontal lobe

Question 25

Where is the Primary motor area for the face located

Answer 25

Posterior to the Broca's Area

Question 26

Wernike's Area

Answer 26

Language comprehension, located in the temporal lobe

Question 27

Angular Gyrus

Answer 27

associated with reading (alexia) and writing (agraphia), located in the parietal lobe

Question 28

Arculate Fasiculus

Answer 28

white matter tract connecting broca's and wernike's areas. Injury is associated with aphasia

Question 29

conduct aphasia

Answer 29

Cannot repeat words or phrases, but can speak fluently and can comprehend. Injury to the arculate fissure

Question 30

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 30

impairments to speech production, fluency, and repeating, but can comprehend. Injury to the broca's area

Question 31

Wernike's Aphasia

Answer 31

impairments in comprehension and word repetition, but can produce speech. Injury to the wernike's area

Question 32

Global Aphasia

Answer 32

Inability to produce, repeat, or comprehend speech. Injury to broca's and wernike's area

Question 33

Lens

Answer 33

Flips imagine onto retina

Question 34

Retina

Answer 34

In the back of the eye, contains receptors

Question 35

Photoreceptors

Answer 35

specialized rods and cones

Question 36

Macula

Answer 36

Inside retina, centers vision

Question 37

Fovia

Answer 37

Very center of the eye, contains a lot of cones

Question 38

Dorsal Stream of Vision

Answer 38

Where info

Question 39

Ventral Stream of Vision

Answer 39

What info

Question 40

Prosopagnosia

Answer 40

Inability to recognize faces

Question 41

Object agnosia

Answer 41

Inability to recognize objects

Question 42

akinetitopsia (movement agnosia)

Answer 42

Inability to recognize moving objects

Question 43

Hemispacial neglect

Answer 43

inattention to a field of vision after injury

Question 44

Magnocellular (m cells)

Answer 44

Light intensity and movement, primarily from rods

Question 45

parvocellular (p cells)

Answer 45

Color intensity and fine details primarily from cones

Question 46

Rods

Answer 46

specialize in dim light and movement, uses photopigment rhodopsin, many rods in one ganglion cell

Question 47

Cones

Answer 47

specialize in bright light and color. uses photopigment iodopsin, few cones in one ganglion cell

Question 48

Phototransduction

Answer 48

Turning light info into electrical info

Question 49

somatosensory system

Answer 49

sense of touch and pain

Question 50

proprioception

Answer 50

sense of where ones body is in space

Question 51

nociceptors

Answer 51

pain and temperature receptors

Question 52

sensory homonculus

Answer 52

specific areas of S1 which correspond to specific parts of the body

Question 53

Basal ganglia

Answer 53

initiates movement and procedural (motor) memory

Question 54

Cerebellum

Answer 54

error correction and balance

Question 55

prefrontal area

Answer 55

selection of a target

Question 56

premotor area

Answer 56

Assembling movement plan

Question 57

supplemental motor area

Answer 57

assembling extra detail in movement plan for M1

Question 58

Ataxia

Answer 58

impaired balance and coordination due to injury of cerebellum

Question 59

Apraxia

Answer 59

loss of skilled movement due to injury to dorsal stream

Question 60

hemiplagia

Answer 60

loss of voluntary movement on one side of the body due to injury of CST

Question 61

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 61

a neurodegenerative disorder due to a loss of dopamine

Question 62

Substantia Nigra

Answer 62

Projects dopamine to the striatum in the basal ganglia

Question 63

Parkinson's Disease Symptoms

Answer 63

bradykensia, rigidity, tremors, gait changes, apathy (impaired motivation)

Question 64

L-Dopa

Answer 64

A precursor to dopamine that can cross the BBB

Question 65

Dopamine Agonist

Answer 65

Binds to dopamine receptors to mimic its effects

Question 66

dyskinesia

Answer 66

excessive movements, a common symptom of Parkinson's treatments