Neuropeptide transmitters Flashcards
What is biosynthesis in terms of neurotransmitter status?
Biosynthesis refers to the process by which a neurotransmitter is synthesized from its precursor molecules, often through enzymatic reactions.
What is release in terms of neurotransmitter status?
Release refers to the process by which a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential.
What is response in terms of neurotransmitter status?
Response refers to the ability of the neurotransmitter to bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron or other target cells and trigger a response.
What is degradation/inactivation in terms of neurotransmitter status?
Degradation/inactivation refers to the breakdown or inactivation of the neurotransmitter, often through enzymatic processes or reuptake into the presynaptic neuron or glial cells.
How does biosynthesis vary between different neurotransmitters?
Biosynthesis can vary between different neurotransmitters depending on the availability of precursor molecules, the enzymes involved in synthesis, and the location of synthesis (e.g., in the presynaptic neuron or other cells).
How is neurotransmitter release triggered?
Neurotransmitter release is triggered by the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neuron, leading to the influx of calcium ions and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
How does neurotransmitter response vary between different types of receptors?
Neurotransmitter response can vary depending on the type of receptor and its downstream signaling pathways, leading to different physiological effects.
What are the criteria for neurotransmitter status in the PNS and CNS?
The criteria for neurotransmitter status include biosynthesis, release, response, and degradation/inactivation.
What is Dale’s Principle?
Dale’s Principle states that a neuron releases only one neurotransmitter at all of its synaptic terminals.
Why do most nerves contain multiple neurotransmitters?
Most nerves contain multiple neurotransmitters because they can be co-released or can have different effects on different target cells.
Why do most nerves contain multiple neurotransmitters?
Most nerves contain multiple neurotransmitters because they can be co-released or can have different effects on different target cells.
What is neuropeptide co-transmission?
Neuropeptide co-transmission is when a neuron releases both a small molecule neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide at the same time.
What is neuromodulation?
Neuromodulation is the process by which neuropeptides can alter the activity of other neurons or synapses, leading to changes in neural function.
What are the functional consequences of neuropeptide release, using SP, NKA, and NPY as examples?
Neuropeptide release can lead to pain perception (SP), vasodilation and inflammation (NKA), and regulation of appetite and stress response (NPY).
What is the pharmacology of NKA and NPY receptors?
NKA receptors are mainly of the NK1 and NK2 types, while NPY receptors include Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 subtypes. Activation of these receptors can lead to various physiological effects, including vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and regulation of appetite.
