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exam 2 > neurophysiology > Flashcards

neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

definition of neurophysiology

A

The study of the functional properties of neurones, glia, and networks.

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2
Q

Electricity in the body

A

is created by the movement of ions within the body

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3
Q

Ions

A

an atom that has a positive or negative charge.

are throughout the body

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4
Q

what is the sum of the overall charge within a cell

A

it is negative, by approximately -70mV

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5
Q

The production of a nerve impulse depends on two basic features of a
plasma membrane:

A

a) the existence of a resting membrane potential

b) the presence of specific types of ion channels

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6
Q

membrane potential

A

difference of electrical charge across the membrane

measured in voltage

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7
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane, when the cell is at rest.

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8
Q

How is an action potential created

A

by the movement of ions across the plasma membrane

through intergral proteins called ion channels

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9
Q

types of transport

A

passive and active

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10
Q

passive transport

A

form of transport across a cell membrane that does not require ATP.
moves ions along their concentration gradient
ie Na ions from the outside (high) to the inside of the cell (low)

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11
Q

active transport

A

moves ions against their concentration gradient
high to high
low to low
PUMPS

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12
Q

simple diffusion

A

passive transport through plasma membrane

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13
Q

facilitated transport

A

the movement of ions through icon channels

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14
Q

leak channel ion channel

A

randomly alternated between being open and closed
specific to ion channel
Neurons - Na and K channels

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15
Q

ligand ion channel

A

chemically activated channel
opens to the response of a chemical stimuli
found on the plasma membrane of a muscle membrane

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16
Q

mechanically gated ion channels

A

open to the response of mechanical stimulus

pressure, sound waves

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17
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

open to a change in membrane potential

all neurones have Na and K specific ion channels along the axon

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18
Q

name and describe the three different states of voltage gated sodium channels

A

Closed - but capable of opening, At resting potential (-70 mV)
Open - (activated) From threshold to peak potential (-50 to +30 mV
Inactivated - Closed and incapable of opening From peak to resting potential (+30 to -70 mV)
- cannot me opened

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19
Q

sodium and potassium pump

A

move chemicals against their concentration gradient to restore resting membrane potential

20
Q

action potential

A

the rapid depolarisation and Repolarisation of a plasma membrane
quick change in membrane potential

21
Q

Threshold:

A

the membrane potential that a graded potential must reach for an action potential to occur.

22
Q

resting membrane potential

A

neuron is a rest
voltage gated channels are closed
not a lot of movement of ions
neuron is a -70mV

23
Q

depolarisation

A

occurs when the membrane potential reaches threshold, and voltage-gated sodium channels open.
membrane potential reaches membrane threshold
sodium channels open, letting positively charged ions in

24
Q

how is membrane threshold met?

A

through graded potentials

occurs through movement of ions through other types of channels

25
Q

Repolarisation

A

voltaged gated sodium channels are inactived

voltaged gated potassium channels slowly open, move outside of neuron

26
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Na channels are now closed, but can be reopened
K channels slowly close, but K STILL LEAVES
movement of a cell’s membrane potential to a more negative value than resting potential.

27
Q

resting membrane potential

A

NaK pumps are activated to restore membrane potential after Hyperpolarisation

28
Q

what is a graded potential

A

a slight deviation in membrane potential that does not reach threshold.

29
Q

depolarisation graded potential

A

brings plasma membrane closer to threshold

30
Q

hyperpolarisation graded potential

A

brings membrane potential further away from threshold

31
Q

refractory periods

A

a period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential.

32
Q

two types of refractory periods

A

Absolute refractory period

releative refractory period

33
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

an action cannot be generated, regardless if acton potential is met, because voltage gated sodium channels are either open or inactivated

34
Q

relative refractory period

A

an action potential can be triggered, by there needs to be a larger depolarisation to reach action potential

35
Q

propagation

A

the movement of an action potential

is only in one direction

36
Q

continuous propagation

A

continuous conduction is the propagation of action potential along unmyelinated axons.
slow, because every part of the axon needs to be stimulated

37
Q

saltatory propagation

A

the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

38
Q

synapse

A

the site of transmission of an action potential between two neurons, or between a neuron and an effector.

39
Q

pre-synaptic cell

A

the neuron sending the action potential

40
Q

post-synaptic cell

A

receives action potential

41
Q

electrical synapse

A

is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction.

42
Q

gap junctions contain:

A

connexions which connect the cytosol of cells directly

43
Q

two main advantages of electrical synapses?

A

they are fast, as they connect action potentials directly to post-synaptic cell
can synchronise
coordinated

44
Q

chemical synapse

A

are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and to non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands. A chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.a

45
Q

summation

A

the additive effect of multiple graded potentials on membrane potential.

46
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic Potential

A

synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold and closer to firing an action potential

47
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

temporary hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. An IPSP is received when an inhibitory presynaptic cell, connected to the dendrite, fires an action potential.

exam 2 (7 decks)

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