Neurophysiology Flashcards
(30 cards)
Which cell type secretes the innate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1B in patients with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain?
Microglia
Cortical synaptic remodeling that is characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated with what neurobiological change?
Preferential loss of excitatory synapses
Disruption of cortical areas that for the salience network leads to impaired functioning in _____.
Detection of relevant stimuli
Relaxation states in biofeedback show decreased _______.
Skin conduction
How do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?
Inflammation increases the number of serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)
Which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?
Microglia
What hormone release from adipose tissue enters the brain and provides negative feedback to reduce food intake and regulates fat stores?
Leptin
Where is ghrelin synthesized and released?
Enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and stomach
Calcium mediates a long-lasting increase in AMPA receptor signal transmission in a process called ________.
Long-term potentiation
What does the hypothalamus secrete in times of stress?
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school-age years is paralleled neurodevelopmentally by which brain process?
Increase in white matter
The most important feature of postnatal brain development is an increase in what?
Number of dendritic and axonal processes
What happens when the CNS responds to an acute cortical insult?
Microglial processes react, and the cell body enlarges
What hormone is released during sleep that does not have a circadian rhythm pattern?
Growth hormone
Neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by ________.
Synaptic connectivity
Does microglial propagation of cytokines associated w/ decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection have a positive or negative effect on the neuroinflammatory response?
Positive
What is a potent neuroprotective factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)?
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide
What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?
Nuclear
How does estrogen modulate effects on neuroinflammation?
Decreased inflammatory cytokines
What is the relationship between estrogen and depression during the menopausal transition?
Rapidity of change in estrogen corrected with the development of depression
Which of the following is in highest concentration in women:
- Cortisol
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Dehydroepiandrosterone
What do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly active the receptor?
Positive allosteric modulator
What nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is associated with reward properties of nicotine?
a4b2
What happens to LH levels in postmenopausal women?
It increases
