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PRITE Ninja Questions > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

DA release in what structure represents the common final event associated w/ the reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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2
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to the nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?

A

Ventral tegmental area

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3
Q

What is the neurohormone for social bonding?

A

Oxytocin

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4
Q

Surge of which hormone is responsible for orgasm?

A

Oxytocin

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5
Q

What is the role of glycine at the NMDA receptor?

A

Obligate co-agonist

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6
Q

Which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents?

A

Cholinergic

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7
Q

What compound increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH?

A

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly inhibitory?

A

Glycine

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9
Q

What is the neurochemical that acutely reinforces the effects of drugs of abuse?

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

Decreased levels of which NT is most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression?

A

Serotonin

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11
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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12
Q

The metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, as seen in depression?

A

Progesterone

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13
Q

What NT is downregulated in the ventral striatum of someone with persistent pain?

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Pain from neurogenic inflammation is mediated by what brain chemical?

A

Substance P

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15
Q

There is increased activity of this substance in MDD, regardless of treatment modality:

A

BDNF

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16
Q

What cation is an antagonist at the NMDA receptor?

A

Magnesium

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17
Q

What receptor is critical for long-term potentiation?

A

NMDA receptor

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18
Q

Neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to _______.

A

Excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation

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19
Q

Blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?

A

Nociceptin

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20
Q

What NT has the highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor?

A

Anandamide

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21
Q

How do steroids affect the hippocampus?

A

Decrease AMPA glutamate signaling

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22
Q

What is the predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?

A

Presynaptic membrane

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23
Q

This peptide is released into the GI tract and conveys feelings of satiety after food intake:

A

Cholecystokinin

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24
Q

L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

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25
Q

What is the molecular mechanism for ethanol intoxication?

A

NMDA antagonism, GABA agonism

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26
Q

IV ketamine works through antagonism of what neurotransmitter system?

A

NMDA

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27
Q

An intubated patient becomes agitated and has delirious symptoms. Which neurotransmitter is associated with AMS?

A

Acetylcholine

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28
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates AMPA receptors?

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus?

A

GABA-A

30
Q

What neurotransmitter system is involved in sexual arousal?

A

Dopamine

31
Q

What brain region has the highest concentration of 5HT producing cells?

A

Raphe nuclei

32
Q

What 2 NTs regulate reward circuitry?

A
  1. DA
  2. GABA
33
Q

Cerebellar purkinje cells release what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

34
Q

What neurotransmitter is a precursor to melatonin?

A

Serotonin

35
Q

What area of the body has the most serotonin?

A

GI tract

36
Q

What neurotransmitters have been associated with anxiety?

A

Norepinephrine

37
Q

Positive allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?

A

Increase probability of opening in the presence of a ligand

38
Q

Where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in teh brain?

A

Raphe nucleus in the brainstem

39
Q

What is the principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex?

A

Diffusion

40
Q

Opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in what brain region?

A

Locus coeruleus

41
Q

What neurotransmitter maintains consistent levels with age?

A

Serotonin

42
Q

Which 2 neurotransmitters are reduced in quantity, uptake, and turnover in spasticity?

A
  1. Glycine
  2. GABA
43
Q

The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in patients w/ schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which NT?

A

Glycine

44
Q

What NT is associated w/ reward and reinforcement in nicotine dependence?

A

Dopamine

45
Q

Prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of ________.

A

Adenosine

46
Q

Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?

A

Endocannabinoids

47
Q

What NT is not stored in synaptic vesicles, but instead is made de novo?

A

Endocannabinoids

48
Q

What action do ACh receptors have in the cerebral cortex?

A

Both inhibitory and excitatory

49
Q

Low CSF levels of this NT’s metabolites is associated with suicidality:

A

5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)

50
Q

What is the 5HT3 receptor classification?

A

Ligand-gated

51
Q

Psychological stress increases cortisol, and prolonged cortisol elevation is associated w/ poor outcomes. Stress also affects other hormones.

Increase in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity, most likely d/t it’s anti-glucocorticoid properties?

A

DHEA

52
Q

What hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

53
Q

Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for the anti-anxiety, motor-impairment, and sedative-hypnotic effects of alcohol:

A

GABA-A

54
Q

What neurotransmitter is implicated in regulating sleep and wakefulness?

A

Histamine

55
Q

What neurons cease firing during REM sleep?

A

Histaminergic

56
Q

What NT is thought to play a key role in tine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Dopamine

57
Q

Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of neurons?

A

Dopaminergic

58
Q

Blockade of which receptor causes the sedation and weight gain side effects of antipsychotics and antidepressants?

A

Histamine

59
Q

What NT present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?

A

Endorphins

60
Q

Which NT, if dysfunctional, most replicates the core symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Glutamate

61
Q

Which receptor does BDNF activate?

A

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B

62
Q

Orexin is associated with what basic funciton?

A

Sleep

63
Q

What receptor class characteristically has multiple protein subunits and is capable of rapid response to generate synaptic energy potentials?

A

Inotropic

64
Q

Neurotensin interacts with which NT system?

A

Dopamine

65
Q

What serotonin subtype is modulated by alcohol?

A

5HT-3

66
Q

What neuropeptide is involved with panic disorder?

A

Cholecystokinin

67
Q

GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?

A

Cl- efflux hyperpolarizes the neuron

68
Q

Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what anatomical structures?

A

Stomach and small intestine

69
Q

Ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effect is attributable to this neurotransmitter:

A

Glutamate

70
Q

What hormone is involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual behaviors?

A

Oxytocin

PRITE Ninja Questions (15 decks)

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