Neurotransmitters

Question 1

DA release in what structure represents the common final event associated w/ the reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol?

Answer 1

Nucleus accumbens

Question 2

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to the nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?

Answer 2

Ventral tegmental area

Question 3

What is the neurohormone for social bonding?

Answer 3

Oxytocin

Question 4

Surge of which hormone is responsible for orgasm?

Answer 4

Oxytocin

Question 5

What is the role of glycine at the NMDA receptor?

Answer 5

Obligate co-agonist

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents?

Answer 6

Cholinergic

Question 7

What compound increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH?

Answer 7

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly inhibitory?

Answer 8

Glycine

Question 9

What is the neurochemical that acutely reinforces the effects of drugs of abuse?

Answer 9

Dopamine

Question 10

Decreased levels of which NT is most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression?

Answer 10

Serotonin

Question 11

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine?

Answer 11

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 12

The metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, as seen in depression?

Answer 12

Progesterone

Question 13

What NT is downregulated in the ventral striatum of someone with persistent pain?

Answer 13

Dopamine

Question 14

Pain from neurogenic inflammation is mediated by what brain chemical?

Answer 14

Substance P

Question 15

There is increased activity of this substance in MDD, regardless of treatment modality:

Answer 15

BDNF

Question 16

What cation is an antagonist at the NMDA receptor?

Answer 16

Magnesium

Question 17

What receptor is critical for long-term potentiation?

Answer 17

NMDA receptor

Question 18

Neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to _______.

Answer 18

Excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation

Question 19

Blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?

Answer 19

Nociceptin

Question 20

What NT has the highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor?

Answer 20

Anandamide

Question 21

How do steroids affect the hippocampus?

Answer 21

Decrease AMPA glutamate signaling

Question 22

What is the predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?

Answer 22

Presynaptic membrane

Question 23

This peptide is released into the GI tract and conveys feelings of satiety after food intake:

Answer 23

Cholecystokinin

Question 24

L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?

Answer 24

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

Question 25

What is the molecular mechanism for ethanol intoxication?

Answer 25

NMDA antagonism, GABA agonism

Question 26

IV ketamine works through antagonism of what neurotransmitter system?

Answer 26

NMDA

Question 27

An intubated patient becomes agitated and has delirious symptoms. Which neurotransmitter is associated with AMS?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine

Question 28

What neurotransmitter stimulates AMPA receptors?

Answer 28

Glutamate

Question 29

What neurotransmitter is involved in the sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus?

Answer 29

GABA-A

Question 30

What neurotransmitter system is involved in sexual arousal?

Answer 30

Dopamine

Question 31

What brain region has the highest concentration of 5HT producing cells?

Answer 31

Raphe nuclei

Question 32

What 2 NTs regulate reward circuitry?

Answer 32

1. DA 2. GABA

Question 33

Cerebellar purkinje cells release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 33

GABA

Question 34

What neurotransmitter is a precursor to melatonin?

Answer 34

Serotonin

Question 35

What area of the body has the most serotonin?

Answer 35

GI tract

Question 36

What neurotransmitters have been associated with anxiety?

Answer 36

Norepinephrine

Question 37

Positive allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?

Answer 37

Increase probability of opening in the presence of a ligand

Question 38

Where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in teh brain?

Answer 38

Raphe nucleus in the brainstem

Question 39

What is the principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 39

Diffusion

Question 40

Opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in what brain region?

Answer 40

Locus coeruleus

Question 41

What neurotransmitter maintains consistent levels with age?

Answer 41

Serotonin

Question 42

Which 2 neurotransmitters are reduced in quantity, uptake, and turnover in spasticity?

Answer 42

1. Glycine 2. GABA

Question 43

The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in patients w/ schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which NT?

Answer 43

Glycine

Question 44

What NT is associated w/ reward and reinforcement in nicotine dependence?

Answer 44

Dopamine

Question 45

Prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of ________.

Answer 45

Adenosine

Question 46

Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter? ***

Answer 46

Endocannabinoids

Question 47

What NT is not stored in synaptic vesicles, but instead is made de novo?

Answer 47

Endocannabinoids

Question 48

What action do ACh receptors have in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 48

Both inhibitory and excitatory

Question 49

Low CSF levels of this NT's metabolites is associated with suicidality:

Answer 49

5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)

Question 50

What is the 5HT3 receptor classification?

Answer 50

Ligand-gated

Question 51

Psychological stress increases cortisol, and prolonged cortisol elevation is associated w/ poor outcomes. Stress also affects other hormones. Increase in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity, most likely d/t it's anti-glucocorticoid properties?

Answer 51

DHEA

Question 52

What hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?

Answer 52

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 53

Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for the anti-anxiety, motor-impairment, and sedative-hypnotic effects of alcohol:

Answer 53

GABA-A

Question 54

What neurotransmitter is implicated in regulating sleep and wakefulness?

Answer 54

Histamine

Question 55

What neurons cease firing during REM sleep?

Answer 55

Histaminergic

Question 56

What NT is thought to play a key role in tine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 56

Dopamine

Question 57

Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of neurons?

Answer 57

Dopaminergic

Question 58

Blockade of which receptor causes the sedation and weight gain side effects of antipsychotics and antidepressants?

Answer 58

Histamine

Question 59

What NT present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?

Answer 59

Endorphins

Question 60

Which NT, if dysfunctional, most replicates the core symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 60

Glutamate

Question 61

Which receptor does BDNF activate?

Answer 61

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B

Question 62

Orexin is associated with what basic funciton?

Answer 62

Sleep

Question 63

What receptor class characteristically has multiple protein subunits and is capable of rapid response to generate synaptic energy potentials?

Answer 63

Inotropic

Question 64

Neurotensin interacts with which NT system?

Answer 64

Dopamine

Question 65

What serotonin subtype is modulated by alcohol?

Answer 65

5HT-3

Question 66

What neuropeptide is involved with panic disorder?

Answer 66

Cholecystokinin

Question 67

GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?

Answer 67

Cl- efflux hyperpolarizes the neuron

Question 68

Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what anatomical structures?

Answer 68

Stomach and small intestine

Question 69

Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effect is attributable to this neurotransmitter:

Answer 69

Glutamate

Question 70

What hormone is involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual behaviors?

Answer 70

Oxytocin