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Physiology > Neurophysiology I > Flashcards

Neurophysiology I Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

the main functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

____ do not divide once they reach maturity

A

neurons

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3
Q

action potential speed varies from

A

0.5-120 m/s

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4
Q

neurons communicate via

A

synapses

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5
Q

smaller axons less than 1 um in diameter are

A

not myelinated

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6
Q

the myelin sheath is a greatly and modified

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

myelin sheath wraps around the

A

axon

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8
Q

myelin sheath originates from and is part of

A

schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

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9
Q

each myelin generating cell furnishes myelin for

A

one segment of the axon

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10
Q

the periodic interruptions in the myelin sheath are the

A

nodes of ranvier

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11
Q

myelin sheath facilitates

A

conduction

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12
Q

myelin sheath is an

A

electrical insulator

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13
Q

myelin sheaths function of facilitating conduction has no analogy in

A

electrical circuitry

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14
Q

myelin sheath allows for ____ _____ of the impulse

A

saltatory conduction

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15
Q

saltatory conduction means action potentials

A

jump from node to node

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16
Q

____ is much more rapid in myelinated fibers than in un-myelinated ones

A

depolarization

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17
Q

conduction velocity in myelinated fibers is proportional to the

A

diameter

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18
Q

larger axons have

A

longer internodes and faster conduction velocities

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19
Q

conduction is proportional to the ____ in un-myelinated fibers

A

square root of the diameter

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20
Q

myelin facilitates conduction while conserving

A

space and energy

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21
Q

neurons can be classified according to ____ & ____

A

structure & function

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22
Q

multipolar neurons have numerous

A

cell processes

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23
Q

multipolar neurons have

A

one axon and many dendrites

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24
Q

an example of a multipolar neuron

A

motor neuron

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25
motor neurons sned information from the ___ to ____
brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands
26
most prevalent type of neuron
multipolar neuron
27
bipolar neurons have __ processes
two
28
bipolar neurons have
one axon and one dendrite
29
an example of a bipolar neuron
interneuron
30
____ interconnect various neurons within the brain/spinal cord and connect motor and sensory neurons
interneurons
31
unipolar neurons have a ___ stem process that bifurcates to form 2 processes
single
32
the two processes formed from the single stem process in unipolar neurons are
peripheral and central
33
an example of a unipolar neuron
sensory neuron
34
sensory neurons send information from receptors in _____ towards the brain/spinal cord
sensory organs
35
motor neurons are also called ____ neurons
efferent
36
interneurons are also called ____ neurons
association
37
sensory neurons are also called ____ neurons
afferent
38
neuroglia or glial cell are ___ than neurons
smaller
39
neuroglia don't have ___ or ____
axons or dendrites
40
neuroglia are more ___ than neurons in the nervous tissue
numerous
41
neuroglia do not produce
action potentials
42
neuroglia do not participate directly in ____ & ____
synaptic interactions and electrical signaling
43
neuroglia have the capacity to
divide
44
neuroglia fill the spaces in the nervous system not occupied by ____ or ____
neurons or blood vessels
45
neuroglia participate in the production of
myelin sheaths
46
neuroglia modulate the growth of
developing or damaged neurons
47
neuroglia buffer extracellular concentrations of
potassium & neurotransmitters
48
neuroglia participate in the formation of contacts between
neurons (synapses)
49
neuroglia participate in certain ____ of the nervous system
immune responses
50
neuroglia are located in the CNS in
microglial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells
51
neuroglia are located in the PNS in
schwann cells
52
_____ are the brain immune cells
microglia
53
microglia act as
macrophages
54
microglia release ___ to prevent viral replication
NO
55
microglia cells protect the brain against
injury and infection
56
microglia play a role in the
developing brain
57
microglia help to destroy the ____ that are unnecessary
synapses
58
____ are star-shaped cells with numerous long cell processes
astrocytes
59
____ are 50% of the glial cell population in the CNS
astrocytes
60
_____ provide structural and metabolic support for neuorons
astrocytes
61
Astrocytes release _____ factors important for neuronal survival
neurotrophic
62
Astrocytes help elongate
axons and dendrites
63
Astrocytes participate in the repair process following
tissue injury
64
Astrocytes maintain a neurons
working environment
65
astrocytes modulate
how neurons communicate
66
Astrocytes provide
metabolic support
67
astrocytes control the levels of neurotransmitter around
synapses
68
astrocytes control the concentration of
important ions
69
oligodendrocytes provide support to
axons of neurons in the CNS
70
oligodendrocytes has numerous processes that extend to
adjacent axons to form myelin
71
oligodendrocytes myelinate most axons greater than
1 um in diameter
72
the myelin sheath is the reason the brain has
white matter
73
gray matter is in areas with high population of
soma
74
____ cover the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the CNS and choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle of the medulla oblongata
ependymal cells
75
schwann cells are also called
neurolemmocytes
76
schwann cells are arranged
side by side along the axon
77
schwann cells provide support to axons of the
PNS
78
____ produce myelin in axons greater than
1 um
79
Schwann cells hold many smaller axons less than
1 um in their process
80
The CNS can be divided into ___ major regions: spinal cord, medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain/mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon or cerebral hemispheres
7
81
the CNS is protected by the meninges and
meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
82
the entire CNS is surrounded by 3 protective layers:
pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater
83
Pia mater is the ____ _____ layer, lying next to the CNS
innermost meningeal
84
Arachnoid has a
spider web appearance
85
____ traps cerebrospinal fluid
arachnoid
86
dura mater is the
outermost meningeal layer
87
Dura mater is often fused with the inner surface of the
skull
88
dura mater protects the CNS because its
thicker
89
CSF is clear colorless fluid found within
subarachnoid space, central cana of the spinal cord, and the ventricular system of the brain
90
CSF is produced primarily in the
brain ventricles
91
CSF is an important determinant of the neuronal microenvironment because it provides ____ & carries away _____
micronutrients & carries away metabolic waste
92
CSF is a ____ ______ for the CNS
shock absorber
93
PNS is composed by all of the
neural tissue outside of the CNS
94
the PNS delivers ___ information to the CNS
sensory
95
the PNS carries ____ commands to ____ tissues and system
motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
96
Peripheral nerve fibers contain an ____ & ____ together
axon and myelin sheath
97
Fascicle is a bundle of nerve fibers surrounded by the
perineurium
98
nerve (cranial or spinal) is a bundle of fascicles surrounded by the
epineurium
99
cranial nerves innervate parts of the ___ and connects directly to the brain
head
100
spinal nerves innervate most of the ___ and connect to the spinal cord
body
101
the nerves of the PNS can be subdivided into ___ & ____ neurons
motor and sensory neurons

Physiology (8 decks)

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