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NeuroPT 1 > Neuroplasticity: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS pathology

what happens?

A
  • damaged area OR areas connected by damaged path. STOP working normally
  • Result depends on what part is damaged
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2
Q

Recovery

what happens?

A
  • Sparing
    • lack of observable deficit
  • Compensation– a way to get better
    • accomplish goal in NEW and DIFF way
  • True Recovery–neuroPT’s goal!!!
    • gradual return of lost function
    • end result==> accomp. goal in same manner as was done prior to CNS injury
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3
Q

What contributes to recovery ?

A
  • Plasticity—reorg. of CNS
  • reversal of Neural Shock
    • ​shock is right after injury
  • Denervation hypERsensitivity
  • activation redundant systems
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4
Q

Capacity of the CNS to adapt to functional demands and therefore to the system’s capacity to reorganize

A

Neural Plasticity

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5
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Capacity of the CNS to adapt to functional demands and therefore to the system’s capacity to reorganize

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6
Q

Capacity for Neuroplasticity:

2 types

A
  1. Functional–Short-term
  2. Structural–Long-term
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7
Q

Capacity for Neuroplasticity:

Functional (short-term)

A

changes in efficiency or strength of synaptic connections

*short term because just affects the already existing conections

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8
Q

Capacity for Neuroplasticity:

Structural (Long-term)

A

changes in organization and numbers of connections among neurons

*long term because changes in the numbers and organization

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9
Q

Plasticity:

2 types

A
  1. ReACTIVE Synaptogenesis
  2. Regenerative Synaptogenesis
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10
Q

Plasticity:

Reactive Synapto.

A

Think Sprouts!!!

  • collateral sprouting
  • axons sprout NEW synapses
  • sprouts typ. from SAME neural system
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11
Q

Plasticity:

Regenerative Synapto.

A

*Think Neuron heals!!!

  • neural regen.
  • occurs when injured axons sprout NEW dendrites
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12
Q

Research on Neuroplasticity

3 conclusions:

A
  • Phys rehab after stroke is a potent modulator of plasticity process
    • happens because of DEMAND
  • demand leads to angiogenesis and synaptogenesis
    • ​new blood vessels
    • new neural connects.
  • Int of training shown to INC recovery!!!
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13
Q

Neural Shock

Explain…

A
  • Temp abolition of excitability in areas related to damaged area from:
    • dec blood flow
    • reduction in metabolism
    • Lesion==swelling==dramatic LOSS of function==rapid RETURN of function
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14
Q

Therapeutic implication of Neural Shock

A
  • Goal of early PT:
    • disinhibit system
      • ​STOP inhibition and let system function again
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15
Q

Denervation Hypersensitivity

A

occurs when neuron loses normal input, results in hypersensitivity of post-synaptic membrane to neurotransmitters

*Injury==rapid LOSS function==function restored because neurons become MORE sensitive

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16
Q

occurs when neuron loses normal input, results in hypersensitivity of post-synaptic membrane to neurotransmitters

*Injury==rapid LOSS function==function restored because neurons become MORE sensitive

A

Denervation Hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Ischemic Penumbra

A
  • cells bordering ischemic region
  • neurons are viable, but NOT functional
    • lost connects OR insuff. blood flow
  • improved thru tx w/ amphetamines and PT
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18
Q

System Redundancy

A
  • recruitment of previously silent/unused synapses
  • suggests presence of synapses that do not normally function due to neuronal competition
  • training may lead to unmasking these silent synapses ALONG W/ amphetamines ​
    • ​facilitates activation
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19
Q

Recruitment of previously silent/unused synapses

A

System redundancy

*includes neuronal competition

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20
Q

What happens during recovery?

A

COMBO of processes occurring simultaneously OR sequentially

*NOTE: PT’s must understand these processes!!!

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21
Q

CNS Pharmacologic interventions

*remember goal to DISinhibit system

A
  • prevent scarring
  • prevent swelling
  • stimulate growth
    • Disinhibit inhibited regions
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22
Q

Spontaneous recovery occurs due to _______ when?

A

Nat. processes AFTER lesion

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23
Q

When is recovery considered spontaneous?

A
  • Much of the recovery in first 3-4 wks after insult are spont.
    • ​normalize edema, circ, and/or neural shock

NOTE: changes after 3-4wks are due to other mech’s

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24
Q

Spontaneous recovery and PT research?

A

was it the PT intervention OR spont. recovery that was going to happen anyway?

Need control vs. experimental groups

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25
Q

What are some influences on recovery?

A
  • age
  • lesion characters.
  • environment/experience
  • amt practice time/training provided
  • NEED
    • therap. recovery is goal driven!!!
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26
Q

Recovery and age

A

Initial sparing, BUT deficits may develop as organism matures

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27
Q

Aging effects on deficits

maturational status of area damaged

how “mature” is the damaged area

A
  • If area is functionally mature
    • ​damage is comparable
  • if area is not mature
    • ​may be no INITIAL deficit, BUT one might develop as that region matures
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28
Q

Aging effects on deficits other than Maturational status (2)

A
  1. Functional status of remaining system
  2. Size of the lesion AND location

(golf ball size as child vs. adult two diff scenarios!!)

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29
Q

Lesion characteristics

varies by _____ and _____

A

size AND location

*Bigger + proximal == WORSE

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30
Q

Lesion characteristics

*speed of lesion growth

A

Consider serial lesion phenomenon

  • problem develops slow and thus the body compensates around it
    • evidence of plasticity !!!
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31
Q

Experiential factors on recovery

A

Pre and post-injury experience and environment can influence outcome

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32
Q

How does Training differ from Experience?

A

refers to specific tasks rather than general activity

*Appropriate practice results in improvement

*perfect practice makes perfect!!!

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33
Q

NEED in terms of recovery

A
  • NEED to use a poorly functioning body part will drive recovery
    • IF indiv does not NEED to use that body part—unlikely recovery will occur
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34
Q

Learned non-use or….

A

no drive to use that side

35
Q

What has led to the theory of Constrained Induced Mvmt Therapy (CIMT)

*forced to use affected extremity

A

although the initial loss of function is neural cause….

MANY pts continue to NOT USE involved side

this is what has led to CIMT…

36
Q

What is Motor Control?

A

using motor memory and current sensory input to coordinate effective and efficient mvmts and govern posture

37
Q

using motor memory and current sensory input to coordinate effective and efficient mvmts and govern posture

A

Motor learning

38
Q

Perception-Action cycle

A

Note: where strength is in this…

see pic

39
Q

What is Motor Control?

A

ability to regulate or direct the mech’s essential to mvmt

40
Q

ability to regulate or direct the mech’s essential to mvmt

A

Motor Control

41
Q

Theories of Motor Control (6)

Remember…motor control is ability to regulate or direct the mech’s essential to mvmt

A
  1. Reflex
  2. Hierarchial
  3. Motor Programming
  4. Systems
  5. Dynamical Action
  6. Ecological
42
Q

Theories of Motor Control

Reflex

A
  • Reflexes==building blocks of complex behavior
    • aka theres a reflex for everything
  • work tog. for common purpose
    • ​chaning
    • stim–resp–resp
43
Q

Limits of Reflex Theory

Does NOT explain what?

A
  • mvmt in ABSENCE of stimuli
  • fast mvmts
  • Mult. resp’s to SAME stim
  • production of novel mvmts
44
Q

theories of motor control

Hierarchial

*basically…Higher lvls control Lower lvls

A
  • Control is top down
  • Higher lvls exert control on Lower lvls
45
Q

Limits of Hierarachial reflex approach

Does NOT explain

A
  • Dominance of reflex behavior in adults
    • balance and righting
    • swallowing
  • bottom up control
46
Q

Hierarchial Approach and Signe Brunnstrom

A

used reflex/hierarchial theory to describe abnorm mvmt following a motor cortex lesion

47
Q

Theories for motor control

Motor Programming

includes what?

A
  • mvmt controlled by centralized program
    • ​activated externally
      • ​stimulus
    • centrally
      • ​volunt/involunt
  • EX: locomotion spinal cats
  • Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)
48
Q

In regards to Motor Programming theories of Motor control…

Explain Central pattern generator

A
  • area contains data for stereotyped mvmt
    • ​neuronal circuit—stereotyped and hardwired
    • body wt supported gait/TM training

EX. Cat experiment==> front legs getting back legs to work on TM after SC cut

49
Q

Limits of Motor programming theory

Does NOT explain

A
  • MSK and environmental variation in motor task performance
50
Q

Theories of motor control:

Systems theory

A
  • systems work cooperatively to achieve mvmt
  • HIGHER lvls activate LOWER lvls
  • LOWER lvls activate synergies
51
Q

Limits of Systems theory

Does NOT…

A

emphasize interaction of individual and environment

52
Q

Motor control theories

Dynamical Action

A
  • mvmt control evolves into preferred patterns of mvmt
    • ​ex. throwing a ball
      • “here is HOW you do it”
    • ***Attractor sites
      • ​certain patterns you always follow to achieve mvmt
      • stable steady state of motor control system that leads to behavior according to preferred coordination states
53
Q

Limits of Dynamic Action

does NOT explain..

A
  • importance of NS in motor control
    • ​presumption that NS has an unimportant role
54
Q

theories of motor control

Ecological

A
  • motor control enables us to cope w/ environment
  • perception is an important component
  • CONSIDERS environmental factors
55
Q

Limits of Ecological theory

Does NOT:

A
  • emphasize function of NS
56
Q

Motor control theories

Current theory

A
  • Mvmt is a result of dynamic interplay of:
    • ​perception
    • cognition
    • action systems
57
Q

Movement emerges from interaction of 3 things:

A
  1. Individual
  2. Task
  3. Environment
58
Q

Components W/in the Individual are: 3

A
  1. Perception
  2. Cognition
  3. Action
59
Q

Importance of Action

Motor control is studied in relation to_______

A

Action

*study of one area may provide insight as to the control of other mvmts

what systems control action?

60
Q

Perception is the integration of _________ into psychologically meaningful info

A

Sensory impressions

*Essential

61
Q

3 types of Perception

A
  1. Visual
  2. Kinesthesia
  3. Vestibular

*Info about body, environment

62
Q

why is Cognition essential?

A

Movement is PURPOSE DRIVEN!!

63
Q

Processes of Cognition

A

Attention

Motivation

Emo. aspects

64
Q

Mvmt emerges from 3 things

A
  1. Individual
  2. Task
  3. Environment
65
Q

Diff components of movement

in relation to Task

A
  1. manipulation

2. mobility

3. stability

66
Q

Task Constraints have impact on what?

A

Control of mvmt

67
Q

Task constraints following CNS damage….

pt must redevelop what?

A

Redevlop mvmt patterns

68
Q

Task constraints:

task grouping

A
  • bed mobility
  • transfers
  • ADLs
69
Q

Task Analysis

Discrete vs. Continuous

A
  • Discrete
    • ​has beginning/end
  • Continuous
    • ​ongoing
70
Q

Task analysis

Stability vs Mobility

A
  • Stability
    • ​holding
  • Mobility
    • ​moving
71
Q

task analysis

manipulation continuum

A
  • Is there manipulation or none at all?
    • ex. picking up pen
      • are you writing w/ it?
72
Q

Task analysis

Attention continuum

A
  • focus to the activity
    • how MUCH attn to the task are you giving?
73
Q

Task analysis

Open vs. Closed

A
  • Open
    • ​NO control
      • ex. “Catch the ball”
        • you know NOTHING about the ball, you just want to catch it
  • Closed
    • ​person has control over the variables of the activity
      • “Throw me the ball”
        • you throw the ball so you control the act.
74
Q

Gentile’s Taxonomy of Mvmt Tasks

Categorizes functional mvmt based on what?

A

Goals of task

75
Q

Gentile’s Taxonomy of mvmt tasks incorporates THREE areas:

what are they?

A
  1. body stability OR mobility
  2. manipulation
  3. environmental context

*NO formal application proposed*

76
Q

Gentile’s Taxonomy

A

See pics

77
Q

Considering the Environment

Regulatory features

A
  • shapes the mvmt
    • ​ex. size, shape, wt of cup to be lifted, walking surf, texture
78
Q

Considering the Environment

Non-regulatory features

A
  • MAY affect performance, BUT the mvmt need not conform to these features
    • ​ex. background noise and distraction
    • aka DOES NOT COMMAND A RESPONSE ​
79
Q

Feat’s of the environment can do what to performance?

A

support OR hinder it

  • EX’s
    • walking in well-lit environment==easier vs. walking in low light or dark==harder
    • Easier to balance while sitting on firm surf vs. soft or mobile one
80
Q

Analyzing Mvmt

We are looking @ the analysis of 3 things

A
  • analysis of Action lvl ​
  • analysis of Mvmt lvl
  • analysis of Neuromotor lvl
81
Q

Analyzing Mvmt

@ the Action lvl

examines what?

A
  • Examines behavioral outcome
    • ​Did you execute the task?
82
Q

Analyzing mvmt

@ the Mvmt lvl

analyzes what?

A
  • analyzes mvmt strategy used
    • ​HOW did you do task?
83
Q

Analyzing mvmt

@ Neuromotor lvl

examines what?

A
  • Examining subsystems involved
    • ​What mm’s are acting and HOW?
84
Q
A

NeuroPT 1 (7 decks)

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