Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Radiology > Neuroradiology > Flashcards

Neuroradiology Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Third ventricle recesses

A

Chiasmatic (Supra optic)
Infundibular
Suprapineal
Pineal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Massa intermedia

A

Gray and white matter
Passes 3rd ventricle
Connects bilateral thalami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ventricles connection

A

Lateral—>3rd : Monro
3rd —> 4th: cerebral aqueduct
4th—> spinal canal: obex
4th —> subarachnoid and basal cisterns: Luschka and Magendie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Choroid plexus locations

A

Body and temporal horn of lateral

Roof of 3rd and 4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CSF absorption

A

Arachnoid granulation (evaginations into dural venous sinuses)
Lymphatic
Cerebral veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytotoxic vs vasogenic vs interstitial edema

A

Cytotoxic: involves both gray and white matter/ due to cell death(infarct)

Vasogenic: primarily in white matter ( neoplasm, infection)

Interstitial: obstructive hydrocephalus/ periventricular fluid ( transependymal flow of CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subfalcine herniation

A

Cingulate gyrus under the falx
Compression of ACA
Foremen of Monroe obstruction—> contra lateral hydro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transtentorial(uncal) herniation

A

Downward: inferomedial uncus displacement—> ipsilateral CN 3(oculomotor) eye is down and out
Ipsilateral PCA: medial temporal/ occipital infarct
Duret hemorrhage
Contra lateral cerebral peduncle compression against Kernohan’s notch—> ipsilateral hemiparesis

Upward: superior tentorial of cerebellar vermis( posterior fossa mass effect) —> obstructive hydro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Compression of medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydrocephalus types

A

Communicating:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (lateral and 3rd)

Noncommunicating:
Obstruction
3rd colloid cyst
Posterior fossa mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basal or perimesencephalic cisterns

A 
Suprasellar
Prepontine
Interpeduncular
Ambient
Quadrigeminal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disc bulge vs herniation

A

Broad based bulge: >180 of disc circumference
Greater than 2mm

Herniation: <90 of disc circumference
Protrusion: neck>dome
Extrusion: neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nerve root exit site

A

Thoracic and lumbar: below
Cervical: above
C8 below C7 vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Position of herniation

A

Medial(Central, Paracentral):descending nerve root / L4-5 herniation—> Descending L5

Lateral(Foraminal, Far lateral):exiting nerve root/ L4-5–> exiting L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disc degeneration on imaging

A

Hypo on T2
Loss of height
Osteophytes
Schmorl’s node: superior or inferior disc herniation ( hyper on T2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Modic changes

A

Modic 1: hyper T2 hypo T1/ inflammation/active back pain/ better surgery outcome

Modic 2: hyper on both/ fatty proliferation/ chronic ischemia/ no symptom

Modic 3: hypo on both/ sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy

A

Posterior of spinal canal
Infolding/ inward buckling
Stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Facet Arthropathy

A

Medial to neural foramina
Can cause neural foraminal narrowing
Associated with synovial cyst ( hyper T2, variable T1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tarlov cyst

A

Perineural cyst in sacrum/ within nerve root sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High intensity zone

A

Hyper T2 in annulus fibrosus
Fissure or tear /can cause pain
Due to disc degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

A

Anterior osteophytes extending at least four levels
Disc spaces are preserved

Spinal fx with small trauma (like AS)
Associated with OPLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

OPLL

A

Spinal canal stenosis
Compression on anterior cord

Low signal on MRI
Begins in cervical spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Scar vs recurrent disc

A

Both hypo on T2
Scar enhances throughout
Disc enhances peripherally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pyogenic disc it is/ osteomyelitis

A

Hematogenous source
Staph aureus

Adults: starts from subchondral bone then disc
Pets: starts from disc then end plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Discitis/osteomyelitis on imaging
Marrow hypo on T1, both sides of abnormal disc which is hyper on T2 Loss of height Loss of definition Vertebral collapse Adjacent soft tissue infection
26
Tuberculous osteomyelitis | Pot disease
Discs are spared | Wedge shaped compression anteriorly/ gibbus deformity
27
Gibbus deformity
Acutely angled kyphosis Compression fracture Achondroplasia Mucopolysaccharidoses(Hunter and Hurler)
28
Dural AV fistula
Older males Back pain and progressive myelopathy Cognard type 5 MRI: flow voids surrounding the cord Swollen cord Myelogram: serpiginous filling defects in subarachnoid
29
Spinal cord infarction
Upper thoracic and thoracolumbar Bowel bladder incontinency, loss of perineal sensation Motor and sensory loss of legs
30
Blood supply to distal cord
Artery of Adamkiewicz
31
Risk factors for spinal cord infarction
``` Aortic surgery Aortic aneurysm Arthritis Sickle cell Vascular malformation Herniation ```
32
Spinal cord infarction on imaging
Hyper on T2 Enlarged cord Restricted diffusion Concomitant vertebral body infarction: sickle cell and steroid use
33
Tethered cord syndrome
Back and leg pain Gait spasticity Decreased lower sensation Conus should end superior to inferior of L2 If below—> tethered Thickened film or lipoma
34
Diastematomyelia
Congenital Split spinal cord Cause of scoliosis
35
Fatty film
Fat within film terminals Associated with diastematomyelia, Tethered cord Hyper on T1
36
Orbital cavity bones
``` Frontal Ethmoid Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla ```
37
Optic foremen
Optic nerve | Ophthalmic artery
38
Superior orbital fissure
CN III: superior, medial, inferior, inferior oblique CN IV: superior oblique (SO4) CN V1: sensory upper face CN VI: lateral rectus (LR6) Superior ophthalmic vein: valveless/ infection to brain
39
Inferior orbital fissure
CN V2: sensory inferior eyelid, upper lip, nose | Infraorbital artery
40
CN V2 course
Cavernous sinus—> foramen rotardum—>inferior orbital fissure
41
Orbits compartments
Septum : orbit margin—> Tarsus of eyelid Presentable/postseptal: infection ``` Postseptal Extra conal: lacrimal gland, fat, bone Conal: extraocular muscles Intraconal: optic nerve-sheath complex, sensory motor of orbit, LNs, fat Globe ```
42
Optic nerve-sheath complex
Optic nerve Surrounding CSF Leptomeningeal and dural coverings
43
Extraocular muscles origin
Inferior oblique: medial floor | Rest: annulus of Zinn, apex of orbit at optic foramen and medial superior fissure
44
Orbital infection causes
Paranasal sinuses Trauma Foreign body Odontogenic
45
Preseptal infection
Swelling and erythema of eyelid
46
Orbital cellulitis
Not yet organized or peripherally ring enhancing
47
Subperiosteal abscess
Organized at periosteum Exophthalmos Visual impairment Surgical emergency
48
Orbital abscess
Severe form of subperiosteal Ophthalmoplegia Exophthalmous Visual impairment
49
Cover outs sinus thrombosis
Multiple CN palsy | Orbital abscess
50
Orbital hemangioma
Cavernous: in adults, most common, progressive proptosis Imaging: CT—>intraconal,ovoid, enhancing MRI—>iso T1/ hyper T2, early patchy enhancement with progressive filling Capillary: first year of life, rare With port-wine stain and strawberry hemangioma Enlarges first year then involuted
51
Orbital lymphoma
``` With systemic disease Lacrimal gland involvement—> painless downward proptosis CT: hyper dense MRI: hypo on T1 and T2 Mold the globe ``` DDx: pseudotumor/ painful
52
Orbital Lymphangioma
``` Hamartomatous In peds Extra conal Multilocular cystic mass, complex, fluid level Peripheral and septal enhancement ```
53
Orbital Schwannoma/ neurofibromas
Schwannoma more common Sensory of V1–> superior orbit MRI: hypo T1, hyper T2 with enhancement
54
Orbital metastasis
Breast, lung, thyroid, renal, melanoma Metastatic breast cancer: no exo sometimes endophthalmous Peds with Neuroblastoma: sunburst type Periosteal reaction
55
Lacrimal gland lesion
Epithelial salivary and lymphoid tissue Epithelial: 50% benign poleomorphic adenoma Malignant: adenoid cystic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma Lymphoid: sarcoidosis, lymphoma, pseudotumor
56
Thyroid ophthalmopathy
Lymphocytes—> hyaluronic acid—> fibrosis of muscles Increases fat—>extraocular muscle enlargement Inferior rectus—> medial—>superior—>lateral (I’M SLow) Bilateral, spares the tendons
57
Orbital pseudotumor
Infiltrate of lymphocyte, plasma cell and macrophage Painful proptosis DDx: Wegener, sarcoidosis Lacrimal gland Imaging: fat stranding, increased ST, enlarged muscles T2: steroid
58
Tolosa- Hunt syndrome
Same as orbital pseudotumor but involves cavernous sinus
59
Optic nerve glioma
Peds: low grade astrocytoma with indolent course NF1/ bilateral Imaging: fusiform, variable enhancement, cyst and nodule Adults: anaplastic astrocytoma or GBM Imaging: enhancing, involves chiasm, any part of optic tract
60
Optic nerve meningioma
``` Second most Arachnoid cells Middle age, female Slow progressive visual impairment Preserved central visual field ``` Imaging: circumferential thickening, uniform enhancement, tram-track sign
61
Optic neuritis
Painful subacute vision loss and reduced color perception MS(most), viral, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, toxins Imaging: optic enlargement, T2 prolongation, enhancement(active phase) Chronic: atrophy
62
Devic syndrome
Neuromyelitis optica Optic nerve and spinal cord, worse than MS NMO-IgG—> Ab to aquaporin 4 Imaging: MS type lesions at optic tract s and spinal cord Absence of brain lesions
63
Retinoblastoma
Most common in globe/ Under 5 years/Leukocoria Sporadic: unilateral/ Familial: bilateral Imaging: hyper, enhancing, calcification Trilateral: bilateral retino with pineoblastoma Quadrilateral: bilateral retino, pineoblastoma and suprasellar retinoblastoma
64
Coat disease
Vascular of retina Boys Lipoproteinaceous subretinal exudates—> retinal detachment Normal size globe with subretinal soft tissue without enhancing
65
Retinopathy of prematurity
Prolonged oxygen therapy Abnormal vascular, hemorrhage, retinal detachment Bilat microphthalmia, hyper globe End stage: phthisis bulbs, shrunken nonfunctional globes
66
Persistent hyper plastic primary vitreous
Embryonic vasculature within vitreous Hemorrhage, cataract, detachment Microphthalmia, hyper vitreous No calcification
67
Coloboma
Incomplete fusion of embryonic intraocular fissure Elongated globe Trisomy 13, 18, CHARGE, VATER IMAGING: cone shaped deformity Optic nerve coloboma: Posterior out pouching Iris coloboma: anterior Uvea: microphthalmous and cyst
68
Sphenoid wing dysplasia
NF 1 | CSF pulsating through defect , pulsation exophthalmos
69
Septo-optic dysplasia
Optic nerve hypoplasia Agenesis of septum Associated with Schizencephaly
70
T1 vs T2
T1–> longitudinal relaxation T2–> transverse relaxation T1 shortening—> hyper Prolongation—> hypo T2 shortening—> hypo Prolongation—> hyper
71
Conventional spin echo T1
Most brain lesions hypo on T1 ``` T1 hyper: Gadolinium, fat,proteinaceous Paramagnetic stages of blood(methemoglobin) Melanin Mineralization ( copper,iron,manganese) Slow flow blood Calcium ```
72
Conventional spin echo T2
Most brain lesions are hyper on T2 Water is bright/ edema T2 hypo: Paramagnetic stages of blood( except hyper acute,extracellular methemoglobin) Calcification Fibrous Highly cellular ( lymphoma, medulloblastoma) Vascular flow void Mucin ( desiccated sinus secretion)
73
FLAIR—> fluid attenuation inversion recovery
T2 with suppression of water T1: WM brighter than GM FLAIR: WM darker than GM
74
Conventional spin echo proton density
Highest signal to noise ratio MS, demyelination plaques in posterior fossa
75
DWI and ADC
DWI: signal loss by increased Brownian motion T2 weighted, reduced diffusivity—> bright ADC: without T2 reduced diffusivity—>dark Higher b-value: more contrast, decreases signal to noise ratio
76
Anisotropic
Tendency of water to diffuse along white matter tract
77
Reduced diffusion DDx
``` Acute stroke Bacterial abscess Cellular tumor( lymphoma, medulloblastoma) Epidermis cyst Herpes encephalitis Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ```

Radiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions