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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

Part of Exam 1 (157 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three brains?

A

Reptilian brain
Limbic system
Neocortex

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2
Q

Reptilian brain function

A

day-to-day survival, vital signs, gross movements

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3
Q

Limbic System function

A

survival of the species, feeding, fighting, flight, reproduction

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4
Q

neocortex function

A

fine movements, socially acceptable behavior

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5
Q

Superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

rostral

A

nose end of the nervous system

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8
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail end of nervous system

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9
Q

anterior

A

ventral

front

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10
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

back

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11
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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12
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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13
Q

proximal

A

near the attachment

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14
Q

distal

A

away from the attachment

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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17
Q

3 planes

A

sagittal
horizontal
coronal

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18
Q

sagittal

A

side view

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19
Q

Horizontal

A

looking down on horizontal slice

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20
Q

Coronal

A

looking at front/back

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21
Q

White Matter Definition

A

bundles of neurons covered in myelin

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22
Q

White matter structures

A 
Tract
Lemniscus
Fascicules
Column
Peduncle 
Capsule
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23
Q

Gray Matter Definition

A

clusters of cell bodies

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24
Q

Gray Matter structures

A

ganglion
Nucleus
Horn
Cortex

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25
Afferent Axons
Sensory in nature
26
Afferent Axon direction
go towards the CNS
27
Efferent Axons
motor in nature
28
Efferent Axons direction
away from the CNS
29
CNS regions
Spinal Region Brainstem/Cerebellum Region Cerebral Region
30
Spinal Region
31 spinal segments
31
31 spinal segments
``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
32
Spinal roots
Dorsal root | Ventral Root
33
Dorsal Root
bundle of sensory neurons | afferent messages
34
Ventral Root
Bundle of motor neurons | efferent messages
35
Dorsal Ramus
Contains all the sensory/motor and ANS that supply the dorsal side
36
Ventral Ramus
Contains all the motor neurons that supply the ventral side and the arms and legs
37
Ramus definition
peripheral projection that supplies signals to the dorsal/ventral side of the body
38
Spinal Nerve definition
place where all of the sensory/motor axons come together for any one spinal cord
39
Dorsal horn
cell bodies of the sensory system
40
Ventral Horn
Cell bodies of the motor system
41
Lateral Horn
Cell bodies of the autonomic system
42
Horn definition
cell bodies of neurons (gray matter)
43
Dorsal Column
Myelinated axons for sensory
44
Anterior Column
Myelinated axons for motor
45
Lateral column
myelinated axons for autonomic system
46
Column definition
bundle of neurons are covered in myelin (white matter)
47
In the spinal region what does White matter do?
transmits information
48
In the spinal region what does gray matter do?
processess information
49
What makes up the brain stem?
Medulla Pons Midbrain
50
what is the function of the pons
makes a copy of what movement you are planning and sends the signal to the cerebellum
51
What is the function of the Brain Stem?
Source of autonomic control (Vital Center)
52
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Organ of balance and Coordination compare what we meant to do to what we're really doing and makes a change if needed
53
What is the function of the hemispheres of the cerebellum?
help control movements of our arms and legs
54
What is the function of the vermis
Controls the midline
55
What is the peduncle of the cerebellum?
axon bundles that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
56
Which cranial nerves are on the cerebrum?
Cranial Nerves 1 & 2 | Olfactory & Optic
57
which cranial nerves are on the midbrain?
Cranial Nerves 3 & 4 | Oculomotor & Trochlear
58
Which cranial nerves are on the pons?
Cranial Nerves 5, 6, 7, & 8 | Trigeminal, abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear
59
Which cranial nerves are on the medulla?
Cranial Nerves 9, 10, 11, & 12 glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, Hypoglossal
60
What two structures are part of the Diencephalon?
thalamus | basal ganglia
61
What is the thalamus?
egg shaped cluster of cells at the base of the brain involved with the sensory pathway
62
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
Associated with planning movement
63
What is a Gyrus?
Out-folding on the surface of the brain
64
What is a sulcus?
In-folding/shallow valley
65
What is a fissure?
Very deep valley separating structures or hemispheres
66
which structures does the longitudinal fissure separate?
left and right hemisphere
67
What are the 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
68
Where is the frontal lobe?
behind the forehead, behind your eyes
69
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
rational thought/thinking ability (consciousness/thinking ability)
70
what cells make up the frontal lobe?
motor cells that control movement
71
Where is the parietal lobe?
Above the ears posterior to the midline of the brain
72
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
sensory function "Somato"-- body sensation
73
Where is the temporal lobe?
behind the ears
74
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
special sensation of hearing makes meaning out of things you hear
75
Where is the occipital lobe?
back of the skull
76
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
receiving signals from the eyes and making meaning (vision)
77
Where is the limbic lobe?
gyrus and area of the brain that is just wrapped around the basal ganglia and thalamus
78
What is the function of the limbic lobe?
emotion and memory survival of the species brain
79
Where is the insular lobe?
buried or insulated from everything else
80
What are the 4 sulcus's of the cerebrum?
Central Sulcus Lateral Sulcus Cingulate sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus
81
What structures does the central sulcus separate?
separates frontal from parietal lobes
82
What structures does the lateral sulcus separate?
separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes
83
What structures does the cingulate lobe separate?
separates limbic lobe from everything else
84
What structures does the Parieto-Occipital lobe separate?
separates parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
85
What does the corpus callosum contain?
contains the axons that connect the left to the right hemisphere
86
What does the internal capsule contain?
fiber bundle that connects the head with the rest of the body
87
Function of the cerebrospinal fluid
mechanically cushions and chemically protects the spinal cord
88
What is the order in which fluid travels from the heart to inside the brain and back?
fluid enters from the heart into the lateral ventricles then it travels into the intraventricular foramen and into the third ventricle then from the cerebral aquaduct fluid travels into the fourth ventricle and then travels through the lateral and median foramina and back into the heart
89
Where are the lateral ventricles located?
buried down the center of each hemisphere from front to back
90
What does the interventricular foramen do?
allows fluid from the lateral ventricles to escape
91
Where is the third ventricle located?
midline between the two thalamus's
92
what does the cerebral aquaduct do?
waterway that lets fluid out of the thalamus and into the fourth ventricle
93
where is the fourth ventricle located?
internal cushioning between the pons and the cerebellum
94
What is the function of the foramina?
allows fluid to leak from the inside to the outside
95
What are meninges?
connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord that become the outside cover that protects the brain
96
Where is dura mater located?
most external to the brain and spinal cord very tightly applied to the skull and vertebral rings of the spinal column
97
What is the function of a dural sinus?
help fluid drain back to the heart. Takes up used up blood and CSF and routes it back to the heart.
98
Where is the Falx Cerebri located?
dives deep between the two hemispheres
99
What is the function of the Flax Cerebri?
keep the two hemispheres from banging into one another
100
what is the function of the Tentorium Cerebelli?
Keep the cerebellum from banging against the occipital lobe
101
Where is CSF of the external water balloon stored?
Arachnoid Mater
102
Describe Arachnoid Mater
white spider web appearance
103
What is Arachnoid Villi?
a small projection of arachnoid mater that pokes through the dura and goes into the sinus
104
What is the function of arachnoid granulations?
the spot where CSF that has already circulated inside and outside goes into the sinus in order to go back to the heart
105
What is the subarachnoid space?
"external water balloon" where all of the fluid is contained outside of the spinal cord and brain
106
What is Pia Mater?
connective tissue sheet that is closely applied to the brain itself. Anchors the external water balloon to the brain and spinal cord
107
Formation and circulation of CSF
``` Heart Choroid Plexus 1st and 2nd ventricle Interventricular foramina 3rd ventricle cerebral aquaduct 4th ventricle median & lateral aperatures subarachnoid space arachnoid villi arachnoid granulations dural sinuses jugular veins heart ```
108
What is the choroid plexus?
"leaky network"
109
What is the function of the Choroid Plexus?
Network of capillaries that strains whole blood and allows the fluid to flow into the ventricles but keeps the cells and other formed elements inside the blood stream
110
Which ventricle has the highest pressure gradient?
lateral ventricles
111
Where do the jugular veins collect CSF from?
Dural sinuses
112
What part(s) of the brain does the posterior blood supply, supply?
occipital lobe and covers all of the brain stem/back bottom of the cerebellum
113
What part(s) of the brain does the anterior blood supply, supply?
top and front part of the cerebrum
114
How does peripheral neuropathy happen?
impairment of the blood circulation in the periphery and secondary impairment of the nerve axons which can kills the peripheral nerves
115
Where is the anterior spinal artery located?
from C1 to C31 runs down spinal cord from top to bottom
116
What does the anterior spinal artery supply?
gives blood to front 1/2 of spinal cord
117
what would you see if there is an impairment to the anterior spinal artery?
they will show MOTOR signs/symptoms
118
Where is the posterior spinal artery located?
from C1 to C31
119
What does the posterior spinal artery supply?
provide blood to back 1/2 of spinal cord
120
What would you see if there is an impairment to the posterior spinal artery?
they will show SENSORY signs/symptoms
121
What is the function of the medullary arteries?
how anterior and posterior arteries
122
where are the medullary arteries located?
they feed out from every spinal segment
123
where are the segmental arteries located?
follows spinal segment away from spinal cord
124
What do segmental arteries supply?
give blood to spinal processes and also give blood to the spinal nerves
125
where are the vertebral arteries located?
come in front of the medulla
126
what parts of the cerebellum does the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply?
back bottom of the cerebellum
127
describe the location and structure of the basilar artery
lies in the midline in front of the pons it is the fusion of the two vertebral arteries
128
What is the function of the basilar artery?
it is the transition from vertebral to cerebral blood supply
129
what artery branches off the vertebral artery?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
130
what arteries branches off the basilar artery?
anterior inferior cerebellar arteries superior cerebellar arteries
131
what parts of the cerebellum does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
bottom front of the cerebellum
132
what braches off the top of the basilar artery?
superior cerebellar arteries
133
what part of the cerebellum does the superior cerebellar arteries supply?
top of the cerebellum
134
once the basilar artery gets to the top of the pons, what does it split into?
posterior cerebral arteries
135
what parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?
back bottom of the brain and gives blood to the occipital lobe and bottom of temporal lobe
136
where are the internal carotid arteries located?
either side of the windpipe and ascend up neck until they reach base of brain
137
what parts of the brain does the internal carotid supply?
one artery covers the longitudinal fissure and the another artery covers the aspect of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
138
what arteries branch off the internal carotid?
anterior cerebral and middle cerebral
139
where are the anterior cerebral arteries located?
toward front of the head
140
where do the anterior cerebral arteries run?
in the longitudinal fissure
141
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
mohawk and all of the structures on either side (medial surface of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes as well as limbic system)
142
what do the middle cerebral arteries supply?
lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes as well as deep structures such as corpus callosum (basil ganglia and thalamus)
143
what structures are part of the circle of willis?
anterior communicating | posterior communicating
144
what does the anterior communicating artery do?
connects anterior cerebral arteries | "connects left to right"
145
where is the anterior communicating artery located?
at midline deep in longitudinal fissure
146
what does the posterior communicating artery do?
connects internal carotid to vertebral basilar "connects front to back"
147
what is the circle of willis
network of blood vessels that joint blood supply systems, left to right and front to back. gives collateral circulation incase of a blood blockage.
148
Choroidal artery function?
provide leaky capillaries that poke up into ventricles to provide CSF for internal water balloon system. also gives blood to thalamus and basil ganglia
149
where does the choroidal artery branch from?
middle cerebral artery | posterior cerebral artery
150
what is the function of the striate artery?
provide blood to basil ganglia
151
What makes up the venous blood supply system?
Dural Sinuses (superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, and transverse) jugular veins
152
where are the superior sagittal veins located?
extends from back of head to front of head on top of longitudinal fissure
153
Function of superior sagittal veins
major collector for CSF
154
where are the inferior sagittal veins located?
extends from back to front, buried deep on top of corpus callosum (on the floor of longitudinal fissure)
155
where are the transverse veins located?
starts at center back of head and goes behind ear
156
function of transverse veins
brings blood to jugular veins major drain tubes out of head
157
What are the functions of the jugular veins
dump fluid into jugular veins and brings blood back to the heart to be recirculated and re-oxygenated

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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