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Neuroscience Chapter 5 Flashcards

Neuroscience Exam #1 (110 cards)

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1
Q

What does it mean for a neuron to be plastic?

A

they are changeable OR

strength of connection can be increased or decreased between neurons based on what we do

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2
Q

What are the 4 main components of a neuron

A

Soma
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Hillock

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3
Q

What are the 3 secondary components of a neuron

A

presynaptic terminal
synapse
post-synaptic terminal

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4
Q

Describe the function of the soma

A

neurons in the soma have all the machinery to keep cell alive and functioning

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5
Q

What is the function of the dendrite

A

Part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a dendrite

A

branch like projections out from cell body where neural membrane project out

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7
Q

Is a dendrite the receiving antenna or transmitting antenna?

A

Receiving antenna

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8
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

takes electrical signal from cell body out to its send so it can deliver the message to other neurons

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9
Q

Where is the axon hillock located

A

most proximal piece of axon

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10
Q

what is the function of the axon hillock?

A

where electrical signal is created then gets transmitter out to the end of the axon

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11
Q

where is the presynaptic terminal located?

A

End of axon

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12
Q

where does the messages from the presynaptic terminal get sent to?

A

synaptic cleft

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13
Q

describe the synaptic cleft

A

space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic terminal

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14
Q

What is the function of the postsynaptic terminal?

A

dendrite or cell body that receives chemical messages that has been delivered through the synapse

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15
Q

what are the 4 functions of a neuron?

A

Receive
Integrate
Transmit
Transfer

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16
Q

Describe the receiving function of a neuron

A

neurons receive chemical messages from other neurons because of the rich connection network

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17
Q

Describe the integrating function of a neuron

A

boil down and take what is the most common message that is being received

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18
Q

Describe the transmitting function of a neuron

A

signal is electrically transmitted from cell body, down axon and to the synapse

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19
Q

Describe the transfer function of a neuron

A

neuron releasing chemicals across synapse and diffuse out to activate next neuron in line

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20
Q

what are the two types of axoplasmic transport?

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

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21
Q

Describe anterograde transport

A

Neurotransmitter from cell body is taken down to the end of the axon where it is dropped off

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22
Q

Describe Retrograde transport

A

backwards from the usual direction of function, empty vesicles are brought back to the cell body from the end of the axon

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons

A

Bipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron

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24
Q

Describe the structure of a bipolar neuron

A

two major trunks that extend away from cell body, one axenic and one is dendritic

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25
where are bipolar neurons most commonly found
retina of eye
26
Describe the structure of a pseudo-unipolar
there is a peripheral axon and central axon that come off the soma
27
describe how the peripheral axon acts like a dendrite in a pseudo-unipolar neuron
peripheral axon act like dendrite and receives messages and transmits them toward cell body
28
Describe the function of the central axon in a pseudo-unipolar neuron
takes message away from cell body and delivers messages to other neurons in nervous system
29
describe the full process of a signal being transmitted through a pseudo-unipolar neuron
terminal branches feel touch and send AP up peripheral axon past cell body to central axon and message of touch gets delivered to other parts of the nervous system
30
where are pseudo-unipolar neurons commonly found
Somato-sensory system Sensation system
31
describe the structure of a multipolar neuron
many major dendritic trunks that extend away from cell body
32
where are multipolar neurons most commonly found
brain and somatic-motor system
33
Describe the structure of an interneuron
one cell body, many dendritic trunks, and one axonic trunk
34
Where are interneurons found?
between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron
35
what is the function of an interneuron?
gets a message from the axon of one big neuron and delivers message to another but can also modify and deliver message to dendrite of another big neuron
36
What are the 4 types of membrane channels
Leak Modality Ligand Voltage
37
describe the leaky membrane channel
open all the time and ions and other formed elements can pass down electrical gradient from high to low ALL THE TIME
38
which of the 4 types of membrane channels are non-gated?
Leak
39
How do modality gated channels open?
from physical modality (touch or temperature)
40
How do ligand-gated channels open?
from the binding of a neurotransmitter
41
How do voltage-gated channels open?
change of relative charge/voltage across membrane (depolarization of cell)
42
What are the 3 types of electrical potentials in a cell
Resting membrane potential Local potential Action potential
43
Is the inside or outside of the cell negative?
Inside
44
what does polarized mean?
different polarity outside the cell compared to the inside of the cell
45
What is a local potential?
small change in polarity that travels a short distance
46
Does a local potential happen around one or many membrane channels?
Just one
47
What is an action potential?
change in polarity that travels a long distance along axon of nerve cell. Happens when a cell is depolarized and reaches a threshold
48
If a cell depolarizes, is it excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
49
In depolarization, does the cell become more or less negative?
Less negative
50
what does excitatory mean?
more likely to create an action potential
51
What does it mean for a cell to become hyperpolarized?
the inside of the cell becomes more negative
52
If a cell is hyperpolarized, is it more likely or less likely to create an action potential?
less likely
53
what is one ion that must enter a cell to depolarize it?
Sodium
54
What is one ion that must enter a cell to hyperpolarize it?
Chloride
55
Is a local potential active or passive?
passive
56
what does it mean for a local potential to be graded?
the more gates that are open, the bigger the local change of polarity
57
which type of potential has an all or none principle?
Action potential
58
describe a local potential in regards to a neurotransmitter binding to a channel
when the modality of neurotransmitter binds to the channel, the ions spill inside the neuron and spread out. so at the opening there is t the most change in polarity and the outside of the neuron has the least amount of change
59
What is temporal summation?
multiple repeated stimuli
60
what is spatial summation?
when there are multiple ion channels that are spaced away from each other and they all open at the same time, is allows ions to passively spill a farther distance
61
What does it mean for an action potential to be depolarizing only?
once you open the gates then the membrane gets depolarized and an AP is created
62
what is passive propagation?
all of the sodium ions that go into the cell spill a long distance fast
63
what is active propagation?
ions spill far enough that they open next set of voltage gated channels and create an AP
64
what is the refractory period?
very short period of time where neuron has not reset voltage gated channels and cannot send another signal
65
What is the functional significance of the refractory period?
AP can only travel one way, they cannot turn around and go backwards
66
what happens to an AP when a nerve is unmyelinated?
AP keeps getting recreated but goes fairly slow because all the channels are right next to each other
67
What causes an AP to travel faster?
larger diameter AND thicker myelin
68
What is saltatory conduction?
AP jumps from one node to the next
69
What is the name of the junction where AP jump to in a myelinated neuron?
Nodes of Ranvier
70
What is a pathway?
long axons (bundles) that carry information in either efferent or afferent direction
71
How do you name a pathway?
Origin + Termination
72
What does it mean for a neuron to converge?
many upstream neurons are being collected by one downstream neuron
73
How many excitations are there to inhibitions in a neuron that has 3 upstream neurons?
2 excitations to 1 inhibition
74
what does it mean for neuron to diverge?
one neuron is splitting into many axons
75
What are the function of glial cell?
Provide structure for neural cell May assist with transmission of information May assist with regulation of extracellular fluid Possible role in pathogenesis
76
What are glial cells?
signaling and supporting cells
77
what does it mean for a glial cell to assist with transmission of information?
Glial cells can enhance or decrease signal that is being sent
78
Describe pathogenesis in a glial cell
sweep up debris in between neurons
79
what is the function of Oligodendrocyte?
cell that myelinates axons in the CNS
80
Can a oligodendrocyte reach one or many axons?
MANY
81
what is the function of a schwann cell?
cell that myelinates peripheral neurons
82
what is a myelinated Schwann cell?
Multiple wraps of myelin around the axon
83
What is an unmyelinated Schwann Cell?
ONE simple wrap of myelin around an axon
84
although an unmyelinated axon does not speed up transmission it does offer_____?
Protection
85
what is the phagocytic function of a Schwann Cell?
Engulf and swallow debris when there is injury
86
What are the function of a Astrocyte?
Signaling/Cleaning/Nourishing
87
What two neurotransmitters do astrocytes carry?
Calcium and glutamate
88
what is the scavenger function of an Astrocyte?
Clear excess potassium out of ECF or clear excess neurotransmitter to reset resting membrane potential
89
How does a Astrocyte connect neurons and capillaries?
Astrocyte sends end feet to a capillary where it protects the tight junctions and the other end foot sits on a neuron to provide a stable framework
90
What are the main functions of a microglia?
Phagocytic function in injury Destruction of aging neurons
91
Describe the phagocytic function of a microglial cell?
anything that is not needed in the ECF is engulfed and swallowed out of the area
92
How do microglia destroy aging neurons
failing or old neurons that are beginning to die are engulfed out of the area
93
How can abnormal activation of a microglia contribute to brain disease?
microglia that are turned on to premature can destroy neurons that are not old yet and can cause diseases such as Alzheimer's
94
What is the beneficial effect of neuroinflammation?
mobilize cells to the area to help resolve injury
95
What are the harmful effects of neuroinflammation?
In the brain, tissue gets squeezed from the additional fluid in the area and becomes hypoxic which can cause the tissue to fall asleep or die
96
what is Guillain-Barre
Auto immune attack on Schwann cells
97
What does demyelination affect in Guillain-Barre?
can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic peripheral neurons
98
How does remyelination occur in Guillain-barre?
After demyelination occurs, remaining Schwann cells clean up debris and peripheral nerves can regrow and remyelinate
99
What cells are attacked in MS
oligodendrocytes
100
Is myelin able to regrow in MS
NO
101
What happens to function over time in MS
function may increase/decease over time, but typical prognosis is for gradual progression of the disease with gradual progressive loss of function
102
Does MS affect peripheral nerves of central nerves
Central nerves
103
Does Guillain-Barre affect peripheral or central nerves
Peripheral
104
what is Sclerosis
"hardening" | myelin has been destroyed and neurons have died
105
What kind of signs and symptoms would you see if there was a glial tumor in the frontal lobe?
executive function might fail along with problem solving and planning there would also be motor loss
106
What is a common tumor of the CNS
Astrocytoma
107
What are the 3 functions of a stem cell
Self-Renew Differentiate Populate
108
What does it mean for a stem cell to self-renew
reduplicate themselves
109
What does it mean for stem cell to differentiate?
take upon function of whatever area you put them into
110
What does it mean for a stem cell to populate
populate said area with normally functioning neurons

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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