Neuroscience Exam 2: Basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

Question 1

A group of subcortical structures linked together that play a role in stereotypic movements, automated movements, and muscle tone

Answer 1

basal ganglia

Question 2

Stereotypic movements

Answer 2

movements that do not have to be learned on a conscious level like swallowing and yawning

Question 3

automated movements

Answer 3

movements that are initially learned and then mediated by the basal ganglia like riding a bike

Question 4

parts of the basal ganglia

Answer 4

3 nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus), the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra

Question 5

The caudate and the putamen are referred to collectively as the __________

Answer 5

striatum

Question 6

The putamen and the globus pallidus make up the ________ _________

Answer 6

lenticular nucleus

Question 7

The globus pallidus has two nuclei, an ______________ and an _____________

Answer 7

internal, external

Question 8

The caudate and putamen are _________ lumped together as the striatum. The putamen and globus pallidus are lumped together _________ as the lenticular nucleus

Answer 8

functionally, anatomically

Question 9

together, the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are called the ________ __________

Answer 9

corpus striatum

Question 10

The caudate nucleus is divided into what 3 parts

Answer 10

head, body, and tail

Question 11

what is attached to the tail of the caudate nucleus

Answer 11

amygdala

Question 12

the internal state of muscle fiber tension within individual muscles and muscle groups

Answer 12

tone

Question 13

A group of myelinated fiber tracts that connect the cortex to the cell bodies of lower motor neurons

Answer 13

the internal capsule

Question 14

the internal capsule lies between the _________ nucleus and _________ nucleus

Answer 14

lenticular nucleus, caudate nucleus

Question 15

fibers between the cortical surface and the thalamus create a fan-shaped sheet of axons called the ____________ __________ which carries nearly all neuron traffic to and from the cerebral cortex

Answer 15

corona radiata

Question 16

the fibers of the corona radiata taper into the narrow space known as the ___________ ___________

Answer 16

internal capsule

Question 17

dopamine is produced in the ___________ ____________ and sent through the striatum

Answer 17

substantia nigra

Question 18

dopamine helps humans have smooth ___________ movements

Answer 18

coordinated

Question 19

term referring to a movement disorder with too much movement

Answer 19

hyperkinesia

Question 20

term for involuntary jerky/writhing movements

Answer 20

chorea

Question 21

2 main basal ganglia disorders

Answer 21

Parkinson disease, huntington disease

Question 22

A progressive degenerative condition of dominant inheritance with typical onset between 40 and 50

Answer 22

Huntington’s Chorea

Question 23

two major pathways run through the basal ganglia. The ________ pathway and the ________ pathway

Answer 23

direct and indirect

Question 24

The direct pathway ____________ movement

Answer 24

facilitates

Question 25

The indirect pathways ____________ movement

Answer 25

inhibits

Question 26

extrapyramidal motor functions regulated by the basal ganglia include:

Answer 26

posture, balance, arm swinging and other body movements

Question 27

word for involuntary postures including rigidity, dystonia, and bradykinesia

Answer 27

akinesia

Question 28

word for involuntary movements

Answer 28

dyskinesia

Question 29

True or false: patients can have akinesia and dyskinesia at the same time

Answer 29

true: Parkinson disease includes two akinesias (bradykinesia and rigidity) and one dyskinesia (tremor). Huntington disease typically has one dyskinesia (chorea) and one akinesia (dystonia).

Question 30

With Parkinson disease, the _________ pathway not longer functions correctly and the __________ pathway dominates function, causing an overinhibition of movement

Answer 30

direct, indirect

Question 31

three main signs of Parkinson disease

Answer 31

bradykinesia (slowness in movement), tremor, and rigidity

Question 32

With Huntington disease, the loss of neurons in the striatum results in impairment to the ___________ pathway, resulting in increased movement (hyperkinesia)

Answer 32

indirect pathway

Question 33

a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics

Answer 33

Tourette's syndrome

Question 34

In Parkinson's there is degeneration of the ___________ ___________ which decreases ____________

Answer 34

substantia nigra, dopamine

Question 35

Often referred to as the "old brain"

Answer 35

the diencephalon

Question 36

The diencephalon includes what 5 key structures

Answer 36

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and pituitary gland

Question 37

The thalamus receives information from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except the _________ tract. It integrates the messages and sends them to the cortex for further processing

Answer 37

olfactory

Question 38

the thalamus is divided into two lobes separated by the _______ ________ and connected via the _________ __________

Answer 38

3rd ventricle, interthalamic adhesion

Question 39

Apart from being a sensory relay station, the thalamus plays a role in the perception of _________, regulation of cortical _________ and the sleep-wake ___________

Answer 39

pain, arousal, cycle

Question 40

Possible symptoms of thalamic lesions

Answer 40

breakdown in perception of sensory information, disorders of consciousness (coma, hypersomnia), hypersensitivity to stimuli that are not normally painful

Question 41

The only way to look at all the structures of the diencephalon

Answer 41

midsagittal view

Question 41

membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain

Answer 41

septum pellucidum

Question 42

bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that carries efferent tracts from the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain

Answer 42

fornix

Question 43

structure located immediately inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus. Forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and controls aspects of metabolism, temperature, food intake, circadian rhythms, emotion, and secondary sex characteristics (homeostasis)

Answer 44

hypothalamus

Question 45

lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the pineal gland, habenula, and stria medullaris

Answer 45

epithalamus

Question 46

the pineal gland produces ____________ which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms, and gonad development

Answer 46

melatonin

Question 47

located inferior to the thalamus and is important for motor movement.

Answer 47

subthalamus

Question 48

Collection of subcortical brain structures lateral to the thalamus involved in recent memory, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement

Answer 48

the limbic system

Question 49

9 structures of the limbic system

Answer 49

Sensory cortex Cingulate cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Mamillary body Olfactory bulb

Question 50

The _________ _________ inhibits the activity of the limbic system

Answer 50

prefrontal cortex

Question 51

Alcohol or drugs compromise the prefrontal cortex, resulting in __________ _________

Answer 51

limbic behaviors

Question 52

involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward, fear, and anxiety, in addition to social functions such as mating. Plays a role interpretation of feelings

Answer 52

amygdala

Question 53

structure required for the formation of long-term memories

Answer 53

hippocampus

Question 54

structure located immediately superior to the corpus callosum related to anxiety, panic, and compulsion

Answer 54

cingulate gyrus

Question 55

small structure important for the formation of memory

Answer 55

mammillary body

Question 56

structure for olfactory sensory input, memories, and smell

Answer 56

olfactory bulb

Question 57

lesions in the ________ _________ can cause behavioral changes related to motivation, fear, aggression, and sexual behavior

Answer 57

limbic system

Question 58

The nuclei of the vagus nerve is found in the ________ _______

Answer 58

medulla oblongata

Question 59

Most of the cranial nerves important for speech and swallowing are located in the ____________

Answer 59

medulla

Question 60

80% of motor fibers ________ at the level of the medulla

Answer 60

decussate

Question 61

Brainstem lesions can cause

Answer 61

coma - persistent vegetative state, brain death locked-in syndrome

Question 62

The reticular formation has what two components

Answer 62

ascending reticular formation, descending reticular formation

Question 63

the ascending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ as it is responsible for mediating various levels of alertness.

Answer 63

reticular activating system

Question 64

the descending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ and is involved in posture and equilibrium and states of unconsciousness. also plays a role in motor movement

Answer 64

reticular inhibiting system

Question 65

The _________ reticular nuclei in the brain are involved in reflexive behavior such as coughing, chewing, swallowing, and vomiting

Answer 65

descending

Question 66

The cerebellum is located dorsal to the _________ and _________ from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle

Answer 66

pons and medulla

Question 67

cerebellum is divided into ___ hemispheres with ______ lobes each

Answer 67

2 hemispheres, 3 lobes

Question 68

cerebral hemispheres are separated by a thin structure called the ________

Answer 68

vermus

Question 69

3 cerebellar lobes

Answer 69

anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobe

Question 70

3 roles of the cerebellum

Answer 70

proprioception, kinesthesia, coordination of fine muscle movements, and motor learning (fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial and error process)

Question 71

injury to the cerebellum causes an incoordination in motor movement called:

Answer 71

ataxia

Question 72

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Answer 72

Dysdiadochokinesia

Question 73

3 layers of delicate tissue surrounding the brain

Answer 73

meninges

Question 74

three meninges

Answer 74

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 75

meninges adhered to the skull

Answer 75

dura mater

Question 76

meninges adhered tightly to the gyri and sulci

Answer 76

pia mater

Question 77

cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between the _________ mater and the _______ mater

Answer 77

arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 78

purpose of the meninges?

Answer 78

additional protection for the CNS

Question 79

what are the 3 ventricles

Answer 79

2 lateral ventricles, thrid ventricle, fourth ventricle

Question 80

ventricle that lies between the two thalamic bodies

Answer 80

third

Question 81

ventricle located between the cerebellum and the pons

Answer 81

fourth

Question 82

The _________ of _________, also called the cerebral aqueduct, connects the third and fourth ventricles

Answer 82

aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 83

found in the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid by allowing certain components of blood to enter the ventricles

Answer 83

choroid plexus

Question 84

3 purposes of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 84

cushion for the neural axis, bringing nutrients and hormones to the brain and spinal cord, and removing waste from the system

Question 85

main artery of the body that supplies blood to all areas except the lungs

Answer 85

aorta

Question 86

aorta divides into what two arteries

Answer 86

common carotid, vertebral

Question 87

common carotid divides into what two arteries

Answer 87

internal and external

Question 88

vertebral separates into what two arteries

Answer 88

anterior spinal and basilar

Question 89

The internal artery separates into what two arteries

Answer 89

middle and anterior

Question 90

The basilar artery flows into the _________ artery

Answer 90

posterior cerebral

Question 91

3 main cerebral arteries

Answer 91

anterior, middle, posterior

Question 92

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial cortex and medial motor and sensory strip, parts of frontal lobe and corpus striatum

Answer 92

anterior cerebral artery

Question 93

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the entire lateral aspect of the hemispheres, lateral motor and sensory strip, Broca's, Wernicke's Heschls and angular gyrus, majority of the corpus striatum

Answer 93

middle cerebral artery

Question 94

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Answer 94

posterior cerebral artery

Question 95

circle of Willis: where the blood carried by the two ________ ________ arteries and the _________ system come together and then are redistributed by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

Answer 95

internal carotids, basilar system

Question 96

unilateral spastic weakness of the body

Answer 96

hemiparesis

Question 97

unilateral spastic paralysis of the body

Answer 97

hemiplegia

Question 98

a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries

Answer 98

atherosclerosis

Question 99

5 stroke risk factors

Answer 99

hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, heart disease

Question 100

type of ischemic stroke where the occlusion is in subortical region

Answer 100

lacunar

Question 101

when clots block an arty and prevent blood flow

Answer 101

thrombotic ischemic stroke

Question 102

when clots dislodge from their site of origin and become lodged in a smaller vessel

Answer 102

embolic ischemic stroke

Question 104

the most common ischemic stroke

Answer 104

thrombotic

Question 105

hemorrhagic strokes can be ________, __________,or __________

Answer 105

subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, or an aneurysm