Neuroscience: The basics + gross anatomy Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
an abnormality seen on a brain-imaging test
A
lesion
2
Q
Lesions appear as _______ or _________ spots that don’t look like normal brain tissue
A
dark or light
3
Q
more scientific name for a stroke
A
cerebrovascular accident
4
Q
Stroke often results in the loss of ______, ________, and _________ functions caused by interruptions of blood supply to the brain
A
sensory, speech, and language
5
Q
two types of neoplastic conditions
A
benign or malignant tumors
6
Q
leading cause of dementia and chorea
A
Alzheimer’s disease
7
Q
Degenerative condition in which atrophy of motor neurons of the spinal cord and cortex results in muscular weakness and spasticity
A
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
8
Q
Progressive disease of brain characterized by tremor, slowness of movement, and reduced muscular strength affecting motor speech
A
Parkinson’s
9
Q
Progressive brain disease of dominant inheritance appearing in the mid-30s
A
Huntington’s
10
Q
Motor disorder with or without language and cognitive deficits in children. Caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or after birth
A
Cerebral palsy
11
Q
inflammation of membranes covering the spinal cord and cortical surface
A
meningitis
12
Q
towards the top (crown) of the head
A
superior
13
Q
towards the feet
A
inferior
14
Q
in front of (in relation to what you’re talking about)
A
anterior
15
Q
behind (in relation to what you’re talking about)
A
posterior
16
Q
Either towards the back (in reference to spinal cord) or towards the crown of the head (in reference to brain)
A
dorsal
16
Q
meaning “towards the lungs”. Either the front of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the feet (in reference to the brain)
A
ventral
17
Q
Meaning “towards the nose”. Either towards the top of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the front of the brain
A
rostral
18
Q
Meaning “towards the tail”. Either towards the feet (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the back of the brain
A
caudal
19
Q
3 types of planes
A
sagittal, coronal, horizontal/transverse
20
Q
plane cute down through the nose
A
sagittal
21
Q
cut like a crown / cutting off your face
A
coronal
22
Q
cut like a headband
A
horizontal/transverse
23
Q
the brain has bilateral __________ symmetry between hemispheres (not ________)
A
anatomical, not physiological
24
side of the brain generally dominant for language, speech, and analytic processing
left
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side of the brain that generally dominates emotions, musical skills, metaphor, paralinguistics (tone and stress) and humor
right
26
The brain mostly has __________ brain organization meaning that the right side generally controls everything on the left side of the body and vise versa
contralateral
27
two largest divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
28
responsible for carrying messages to and from the CNS
peripheral nervous system
29
two divisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic
30
controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS
somatic
31
controls involuntary body functions
autonomic nervous system
32
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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arouses the body to expend energy and is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic
34
calms the body to conserve and maintain energy. responsible for rest and digest
parasympathetic
35
name for sensory nerves
afferent
36
name for motor nerves
efferent
37
receive information: bring information into the nervous systme
afferent nerves
38
motor information starts in the cerebral cortex and is sent down to the muscles through what nerves
efferent nerves
39
ridges in the cerebral cortex
gyri
40
Two of the most important gyri to know are the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus, also known as the ________ _______ ________ and the _________ ________ _________
primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
41
dips/grooves in the cerebral cortex
sulci
42
important sulcus to know
central sulcus
43
name for a really big, deep sulcus
fissure
44
name for the fissure that separates the two brain hemispheres
medial longitudinal fissure
45
name for the important fissure that comes laterally across the brain
lateral fissure (sylvian fissure)
46
________ is a fatty coating on a nerve cell that helps information move faster
myelin
47
name for the non-myelinated nerve cell bodies
grey matter
48
grey matter is found on the surface of the ________ and ___________ and the interior of the spinal cord
cerebrum and cerebellum
49
a group of nerve cell bodies that work together for specific functions
ganglia
50
myelinated fiber tracts or neuronal axons
white matter
51
white matter is found inside the cerebrum and cerebellum and on the __________ of the spinal cord
surface
52
bundles of axons that cross the midline to connect such as the corpus callosum
commissure
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Consists of the cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure and interconnected by the corpus callosum
cerebrum
54
4 cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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most anterior and largest lobe. deals with executive functions voluntary muscle movement, and language
frontal lobe
56
the frontal lobe contains the _________ ________ _________ where we find the homunculus and ________ area
primary motor cortex, Broca's area
57
Lobe most associated with sensation including touch, kinesthesia, perception of temperature, and vibration
parietal lobe
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the parietal lobe contains the primary sensory area, also known as the __________ ____________ or the sensory strip. This is organized in the same manner as the motor strip
the postcentral gyrus
59
the most posterior lobe
occipital lobe
60
________ information is processed in the occipital lobe
visual
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Lobe associated with auditory processing and olfaction. The __________ area is located here
temporal, Wernicke's area
62
three parts of the brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
63
52 regions on the cortex numbered on the basis of their cell type and laminar structure
Brodmann Areas
64
area of the brain responsible for the execution of voluntary motor movements
primary motor cortex / precentral gyrus
65
Area of the brain responsible for programming motor movements
premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex
66
The premotor cortex does not program the motor commands for speech. These are generated in _________ _________
Broca's Area
67
damage here may cause oral or limb apraxia
premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex
68
Area that detect sensory information from the body regarding touch, proprioception, kinesthesia, and vibration
primary somatosensory cortex / postcentral gyrus
69
Area of the brain that discriminates what a sensation is
sensory association cortex
70
the most prefrontal area of the brain
the prefrontal region/cortex
71
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive function including _____________, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, __________ __________ and planning. It's also responsible for _________, mood, and ___________-
reasoning, decision making, personality, and pragmatics
72
coordinates / programs motor movements for the production of speech sounds
Broca's area
73
Broca's area is found on the inferior ________ lobe in the hemisphere dominant for ___________
frontal lobe, language
74
refers to the inability or limited ability to understand written language and is typically acquired after brain injury or stroke
alexia
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loss of the ability to write
agraphia
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loss of the ability to deal with numbers/arithmetic
acalculia
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an inability to attend (pay attention) to one side or the other
hemispatial neglect
78
involved in attaching meaning to auditory information (comprehension)
Wernicke's Area
79
The primary sight for processing basic auditory information such as pitch, volume, and rhythm
primary auditory cortex/area
80
Area of the brain that does more complex processing of sound and allows for the recognition of complex sounds and patterns, such as speech and music
Secondary auditory cortex
81
loss of ability to name objects and people. Issue is with word finding, not visual recognition
anomia
82
area of the brain that receives input from the optic tract via the thalamus and does initial processing of visual input
primary visual cortex
83
damage to the _________ _______ _______ causes blind spots in the visual field or total blindness
primary visual cortex
84
damage to the secondary visual area could cause ________ ________, where people can see visual stimuli but cannot associate them with a meaning or identify their function
visual agnosia
85
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplagia
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weakness on one side of the body
hemiparesis
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internal awareness of the range and direction of limb movements
kinesthesia
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internal awareness of the position posture and movement (telling if you are leaning or sitting up straight)
proprioception
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an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should
neoplasm
90
purpose of collecting a case history
identify predisposing factors
91
impairment in voluntary movement
dyskinesia
92
slowness of movement
bradykinesia
93
involuntary, rhythmic muscle movement
tremor
94
tingling, prickling, burning (pins and needles)
paresthesia
95
numbness (no feeling)
anesthesia
96
The hereditary material in humans. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same _________
DNA
97
A distinct portion of a cell's DNA that codes instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins
Gene
98
Genes are packaged in bundles called ___________
chromosomes
99
Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes
23 pairs
100
failure of 2 chromosomes to dissociate (separate)
nondisjunction
101
name for having an extra chromosome
trisomy
102
name for missing a chromosome
monosomy
103
the process in which male and female sex cells develop for fertilization (chromosomal abnormality occurs in this phase)
gametogenesis
104
Ovum + spermatozoa =
zygote
105
the process of the neural tube transforming into the CNS
Neurulation
106
neurulation starts in what week of gestation
3
107
the _________ __________ develops into the neural tube, giving rise to the brain and spinal cord
neural plate
108
agents that cause abnormal development of structures in the embryo
teratogens
109
the occurrence of developmental defects in an organism caused by exposure to toxic substances during the period between conception and birth
teratogenesis
110
40% of deaths in the first year of life are related to ________ __________
CNS malformations
111
birth defect where the forebrain and midbrain are diminished in size or missing. Caused by defective fusion of the neural tube in the embryonic stage
Anencephaly
112
results from fusion failure of the dorsal-caudal part of the neural tube in the first few embryonic weeks
spina bifida
113
an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles resulting in an enlarged head
Hydrocephalus
114
malformation of the skull cap causing the brain and the skull cap to be small
Microcephaly
115
When the neural tube does not close completely during pregnancy resulting in an opening anywhere along the center of the skull, from the nose to the back of the neck, but most often at the back of the head, top of the head, or between the forehead and the nose
Encephalocele
116
Causes muscle tissue to contract and is thought
to regulate CNS neuronal activity including
alertness, attention, memory, and learning. related to alzheimer's
Acetylcholine
117
Plays a role in motor control and our reward system. related to Parkinson's
dopamine
118
Affects attention, the sleep-wake cycle, and mood, and is involved in our fight-or-flight response
Norepinephrine
