Neuroscience II

Question 1

If there is unilateral […] hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the affected ear.

Answer 1

If there is unilateral conductive hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the affected ear.

i.e. vibration is heard louder in the affected ear; conduction deficit masks the ambient noise in the room, allowing the vibration to be better heard

Question 2

If there is unilateral […] hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates air > bone conduction.

Answer 2

If there is unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, the Rinne test demonstrates air > bone conduction.

i.e. air conduction is present after bone conduction is gone (normal)

Question 3

If there is unilateral […] hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the normal ear.

Answer 3

If there is unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, the Weber test localizes to the normal ear.

i.e. vibration is heard louder in the unaffected ear

Question 4

In adults, the spinal cord ends at the lower border of the […] - […] vertebrae.

Answer 4

In adults, the spinal cord ends at the lower border of the L1 - L2 vertebrae.

Question 5

In both the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways, neurons from the cerebral cortex lead to excitation of neurons of the […].

Answer 5

In both the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways, neurons from the cerebral cortex lead to excitation of neurons of the striatum.

Question 6

In both the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways, neurons from the cerebral cortex lead to […] of neurons of the striatum.

Answer 6

In both the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways, neurons from the cerebral cortex lead to excitation of neurons of the striatum.

Question 7

In the direct basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the […].

Answer 7

In the direct basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Question 8

In the direct basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to […] of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Answer 8

In the direct basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Question 9

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, inhibition of the globus pallidus externus leads to excitation of neurons of the […].

Answer 9

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, inhibition of the globus pallidus externus leads to excitation of neurons of the subthalamic nucleus.

Question 10

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, inhibition of the globus pallidus externus leads to […] of neurons of the subthalamic nucleus.

Answer 10

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, inhibition of the globus pallidus externus leads to excitation of neurons of the subthalamic nucleus.

Question 11

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the […].

Answer 11

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the globus pallidus externus.

Question 12

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to […] of neurons of the globus pallidus externus.

Answer 12

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the striatum lead to inhibition of neurons of the globus pallidus externus.

Question 13

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus lead to excitation of neurons of the […].

Answer 13

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus lead to excitation of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Question 14

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus lead to […] of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Answer 14

In the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus lead to excitation of neurons of the globus pallidus internus.

Question 15

Is the pupillary sphincter muscle under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

Answer 15

Parasympathetic

Question 16

Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the spinal cord present on the […]-lateral side below the lesion.

Answer 16

Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the spinal cord present on the ipsi-lateral side below the lesion.

loss of position, vibratory, and pressure sensations, and 2-point discrimination; may also lose ability to identify the characteristics of an object using the sense of touch (astereognosis)

Question 17

Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the thalamus and cerebral cortex present on the […]-lateral side below the lesion.

Answer 17

Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the thalamus and cerebral cortex present on the contra-lateral side below the lesion.

loss of position, vibratory, and pressure sensations, and 2-point discrimination; may also lose ability to identify the characteristics of an object using the sense of touch (astereognosis)

Question 18

Lesions to CN V result in loss of facial sensations on the […]-lateral side.

Answer 18

Lesions to CN V result in loss of facial sensations on the ipsi-lateral side.

e.g. loss of pain and temperature sensation (spinal trigeminal nucleus), loss of tactile sensation (main sensory nucleus), and/or muscle weakness (motor nucleus)

Question 19

Lesions to CN […] result in loss of the sensory limb of the light reflex.

Answer 19

Lesions to CN II (optic) result in loss of the sensory limb of the light reflex.

Question 20

Lesions to CN […] result in loss of the motor limb of the light reflex.

Answer 20

Lesions to CN III (oculomotor) result in loss of the motor limb of the light reflex.

Question 21

Lesions to CN […] result in a medially-directed eye (at rest) that cannot abduct.

Answer 21

Lesions to CN VI (abducens) result in a medially-directed eye (at rest) that cannot abduct.

right CN VI palsy in right gaze; right eye abducted to midpoint due to weak abduction from the superior oblique

Question 22

Lesions to the frontal eye fields result in eyes that look […] the side of the lesion.

Answer 22

Lesions to the frontal eye fields result in eyes that look towards the side of the lesion.

e.g. right frontal eye field lesion -> eyes cannot look left -> look right

Question 23

Lesions to the paramedian pontine reticular formation result in eyes that look […] the side of the lesion.

Answer 23

Lesions to the paramedian pontine reticular formation result in eyes that look away from the side of the lesion.

e.g. right PPRF lesions -> eyes look cannot look right -> look left

Question 24

Light is focused in a depression within the macula, called the […].

Answer 24

Light is focused in a depression within the macula, called the fovea.

Question 25

LMN lesions cause [...]-lateral flaccid paralysis at the level of the lesion.

Answer 25

LMN lesions cause **ipsi**-lateral flaccid paralysis at the level of the lesion.

Question 26

Lower motoneurons are always [...]-lateral to the muscle they innervate.

Answer 26

Lower motoneurons are always **ipsi**-lateral to the muscle they innervate.

Question 27

Lower motoneurons leave the spinal cord and synapse at the [...] of skeletal muscle.

Answer 27

Lower motoneurons leave the spinal cord and synapse at the **neuromuscular junction** of skeletal muscle.

Question 28

Lumbar puncture is usually performed between [...] and [...].

Answer 28

Lumbar puncture is usually performed between **L3 and L5**. at the level of the cauda equina; goal is to sample CSF without damaging spinal cord

Question 29

Moderate global cerebral ischemia typically affects the [...] (most vulnerable), neocortex, cerebellum, and watershed areas.

Answer 29

Moderate global cerebral ischemia typically affects the **hippocampus** (most vulnerable), neocortex, cerebellum, and watershed areas. these areas are highly vulnerable

Question 30

Moderate global cerebral ischemia typically affects the hippocampus (most vulnerable), neocortex, cerebellum, and [...] areas.

Answer 30

Moderate global cerebral ischemia typically affects the hippocampus (most vulnerable), neocortex, cerebellum, and **watershed areas.** these areas are highly vulnerable

Question 31

Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the caudal medulla at the [...] decussation.

Answer 31

Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the caudal medulla at the **pyramidal** decussation.

Question 32

Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the [...] at the pyramidal decussation.

Answer 32

Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the **caudal medulla** at the pyramidal decussation.

Question 33

Most fibers in the optic tract project to the [...] of the thalamus.

Answer 33

Most fibers in the optic tract project to the **lateral geniculate body** of the thalamus. other fibers project to the superior colliculi (reflex gaze), the pretectal (light reflex), and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (circadian rhythms)

Question 34

Myopia is a refractive error that is also known as "[...]-sightedness".

Answer 34

Myopia is a refractive error that is also known as "**near**-sightedness".

Question 35

One component of the basal ganglia is the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the [...] and [...].

Answer 35

One component of the basal ganglia is the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the **putamen and globus pallidus.**

Question 36

One component of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which consists of the [...] (motor) and [...] (cognitive).

Answer 36

One component of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which consists of the **putamen** (motor) and **caudate** (cognitive).

Question 37

One component of the basal ganglia is the [...], which is located in the midbrain.

Answer 37

One component of the basal ganglia is the **substantia nigra**, which is located in the midbrain.

Question 38

One component of the basal ganglia is the [...], which is located in the diencephalon.

Answer 38

One component of the basal ganglia is the **subthalamic nucleus**, which is located in the diencephalon.

Question 39

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the [...], which is responsible for contra-lateral gaze.

Answer 39

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the **frontal eye field**, which is responsible for contra-lateral gaze.

Question 40

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the frontal eye field, which is responsible for [...]-lateral gaze.

Answer 40

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the frontal eye field, which is responsible for **contra-**lateral gaze.

Question 41

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the [...], which is responsible for ipsi-lateral gaze.

Answer 41

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the **paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF),** which is responsible for ipsi-lateral gaze.

Question 42

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), which is responsible for [...]-lateral gaze.

Answer 42

One control center for horizontal gaze is located in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), which is responsible for **ipsi**-lateral gaze.

Question 43

Primitive reflexes are inhibited by a mature/developing [...] lobe.

Answer 43

Primitive reflexes are inhibited by a mature/developing **frontal** lobe.

Question 44

Sensory fibers containing pain and temperature information ascend or descend 1 - 2 spinal segments in [...] tract before synapsing in the dorsal horn with a 2nd-order neuron.

Answer 44

Sensory fibers containing pain and temperature information ascend or descend 1 - 2 spinal segments in **Lissauer's** tract before synapsing in the dorsal horn with a 2nd-order neuron. also known as the posterolateral tract

Question 45

Stage [...] of non-REM sleep is described as light sleep.

Answer 45

Stage **N1** of non-REM sleep is described as light sleep.

Question 46

Stage [...] of non-REM sleep is described as deeper sleep.

Answer 46

Stage **N2** of non-REM sleep is described as deeper sleep.

Question 47

Stage [...] of non-REM sleep is described as the deepest non-REM sleep ("slow-wave" sleep).

Answer 47

Stage **N3** of non-REM sleep is described as the deepest non-REM sleep ("slow-wave" sleep).

Question 48

Stimulation of the [...] nucleus of the hypothalamus results in savage behavior and obesity.

Answer 48

Stimulation of the **dorsomedial** nucleus of the hypothalamus results in savage behavior and obesity.