Neuroscience intro

Question 1

Rostral

Answer 1

towards nose

Question 2

caudal

Answer 2

towards tail (rear)

Question 3

dorsal

Answer 3

up from the back/spine

Question 4

ventral

Answer 4

down from the belly

Question 5

triune brain theory

Answer 5

evolution has added more complex areas of the brain

Question 6

reptilian brain

Answer 6

developed about 100 million years ago, smell, aggression

Question 7

limbic brain

Answer 7

developed about 50 million years ago, emotion, sex drive

Question 8

cortex/neocortex

Answer 8

about 20 million years ago, refinement, reason, thought, social interaction

Question 9

genes

Answer 9

contain coding and regulatory DNA

Question 10

allele

Answer 10

alternate forms of the same gene

Question 11

genotype

Answer 11

the combination of alleles present in one’s DNA

Question 12

phenotype

Answer 12

the expression of the different alleles in the whole organism (ex: hair color)

Question 13

neural stem cells

Answer 13

cells that produce pre-cursor cells

Question 14

multi-potent

Answer 14

can self-renew and become a number of different cell types

Question 15

toti-potent

Answer 15

can give rise to a new organism (ex: sperm and egg)

Question 16

pluripotent

Answer 16

can become ANY type of new tissue

Question 17

gastrulation

Answer 17

conversion of cells from a single layer to three layers of cells called germ layers

Question 18

ectoderm

Answer 18

outer layer; gives rise to nervous system and skin

Question 19

mesoderm

Answer 19

middle layer; starts the process of gastrulation; gives rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue

Question 20

endoderm

Answer 20

inner layer; gives rise to viscera (organs, intestines)

Question 21

what germ layers are important for orientation

Answer 21

mesoderm and endoderm

Question 22

notochord

Answer 22

defines midline; critical for neural differentiation

Question 23

neurulation

Answer 23

• ectoderm thickens into neural plate, which then becomes the neural tube
• breaks down and eventually become the nucleus pulposus

Question 24

neural crest cells

Answer 24

• located dorsally on the neural groove
• give rise to sensory cells, autonomic nervous system, neurosecretory cells of the adrenal gland, and enteric neurons

Question 25

neural tube

Answer 25

develops into drain and spinal cord

Question 26

somites

Answer 26

mesoderm on inside, ectoderm on outside

Question 27

3 primary brain vesicles

Answer 27

- prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon

Question 28

prosencephalon

Answer 28

gives rise to forebrain

Question 29

mesencephalon

Answer 29

gives rise to midbrain

Question 30

rhombencephalon

Answer 30

gives rise to hindbrain

Question 31

5 secondary brain vesicles

Answer 31

- telencephalon - diencephalon - mesencephalon - metencephalon - myelencephalon

Question 32

telencephalon

Answer 32

formed by lateral aspects of rostral prosencephalon; most superior

Question 33

dorsal territory of telencephalon

Answer 33

becomes cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Question 34

ventral territory of telencephalon

Answer 34

becomes basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, and olfactory bulb

Question 35

diencephalon

Answer 35

- formed by caudal prosencephalon - gives rise to thalamus and hypothalamus - forms optic vesicles

Question 36

mesencephalon

Answer 36

- dorsal portion: becomes the superior and inferior colliculi (brainstem) - ventral portion: becomes the midbrain tegmentum

Question 37

metencephalon

Answer 37

- formed by rostral portion of rhombencephalon - gives rise to cerebellum and pons

Question 38

myelencephalon

Answer 38

- formed by caudal part of the rhombencephalon - gives rise to medulla