Neuroscience Lecture final Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the basal ganglia?
A
Caudate, putamen, globius pallidus (subthalamus, substantia nigra, amygdala)
2
Q
Where does afferent input come from to the basal ganglia?
A
cortex
3
Q
Where is the major efferent target of the basal ganglia?
A
striatum (caudate and putamen)
4
Q
Does the basal ganglia circuit run ipsilateral or contralateral to the cortex?
A
ipsilateral
5
Q
What are the MAJOR neurotransmitters involved?
Which are excitatory? Where?
Which are inhibitory? Where?S
A
Glutamate (excitatory) - Cortex
GABA (inhibitory) - Basal Ganglia
dopamine (D1=excitatory, D2=inhibitory) - Midbrain nuclei
6
Q
How can the SNpc act both in a facilitatory and inhibitory manner?
A
Striato-thalamo-cortical=direct D1 receptor (excitatory)
Cortex-Neostriatum-GPE-Subthal-GPI-Thal-Cortex=Indirect, D2 receptor inhibitory
*Dopaminergic systems (recursive circuit)
7
Q
What are the fiber pathways called that carry information to the thalamus?
What is the specific name of this nucleus?
A
Ansa lenticularis
lenticular fasciculus
thalamic fasciculus
GPM (nucleus)
8
Q
What type of neurons die first in Parkinson’s disease (PD)?
A
Begins with SNpc cell death
9
Q
What type of neurons die first in Huntington’s disease (HD)?
A
Both D1 and D2
10
Q
What are the major symptoms of PD?
A
Resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, hypokenesia
11
Q
How can you explain some PD symptoms with the direct/indirect circuitry of the basal ganglia?
A
PD specifically affects the direct pathway and shifts the preference to the indirect pathway; this explains the hypokinetic phenotype, not the resting tremor
12
Q
What happens with long-¬‐term meds?
A
Long term meds (L-dopa) can lead to dyskinesia
13
Q
What are the major symptoms of HD?
What is the cause?
A
Chorea (random involuntary flicking movements)
14
Q
How can you explain some HD symptoms with the direct/indirect circuitry of the
basal ganglia?
A
Indirect pathway is diminished relative to direct pathway
15
Q
What other functions does the basal ganglia serve?
A
oculomotor loop, cognitive/prefrontal loop, limbic loop
16
Q
How do these mechanistically compare to the motor control circuit of the basal ganglia?
A
These provide fine control of motor system
17
Q
What are other motor dysfunctions associated with basal ganglia damage?
A
Cerebral palsy, tourettes syndrome (limbic loop)
18
Q
What vesicle does the cerebellum develop from?
What is the name of the area of this vesicle from which it develops?
What other structure develops from this vesicle?
A
Alar plate
Develops from rhombic lip
?
19
Q
What are the 3 longitudnal zones of the cerebellum?
What are the names of the zones divided by the posterior and posteriolateral fissures?
A
Lateral zone, intermediate zone, vermis
Lateral zone, intermediate zone, vermis (?)
20
Q
What are the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum?
A
vestibulocerebellum= archiCerebellum
spinocerebellum= paleoCerebellum
cerebrocerebellum= neoCerebellum
21
Q
What tracts travel through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
A
vestibulocerebellar tract
spinocerebellar tract
22
Q
What tracts travel through the middle cerebellar peduncle?
A
Cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract
23
Q
What tracts travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle?
A
Ventral spinocerebellar
24
Q
What are the major targets of fibers exiting the inferior and superior peduncles?
A
Red nucleus, thalamus
25
What is the origin of mossy fibers?
What is the origin of Climbing fibers?
All extrinsic inputs except those from the inferior olive
IO - Inferior olivary nucleus
26
What are the three layers in the cerebellar cortex?
Molecular Layer, Purkinje Cell Layer, Granular Layer
27
What are the efferent targets of purkinje cells?
What are the efferent targets of Granule cells?
climbing and mossy fibers
parallel fibers
28
What are the modulatory cells of the cerebellum called?
Granule cells, purkinje cells, stellate cells, basket cells, golgi II cells
29
What kind of neurotransmitters are primarily used by the different cerebellar cell types?
GABA, glutamate
30
What are the names of the deep cerebellar nuclei?
How are they organized longitudinally?
Dentate (most lateral), Fastigial (most medial)
31
Describe the vestibular pathway to the cerebellum
input through inferior peduncle as mossy fibers --> flocculonodular lobe --> fastigial nucleus --> vestibular nuclei and reticular formation = eye movements
32
Describe the trunk and limb posture pathway to the cerebellum
spinocerebellar tract --> input through inferior peduncle as mossy fibers --> vermis --> fastigial nucleus --> vestibular nuclei and reticular formation = walking, posture, eye movements
33
Describe the coordinated and cortically processed motor activity pathway to the cerebellum
input through middle peduncle as mossy fibers --> cerebro-ponto-cerebellar --> lateral/intermediate zones --> dentate and interposed nuclei -> red nucleus and IO = voluntary movement and motor learning
34
What is spinocerebellar ataxia?
Causes?
Symptoms?
progressive degeneration & subsequent loss of neurons
-from genetic disease w/ dominant inheritance or unknown cause
?
?
35
What are the major arterial supplies to the cerebellum?
PICA, AICA, SCA
36
What other brainstem areas could be affected in the case of ischemia?
?
37
Describe the symptoms of PICA syndrome
Sudden dizziness and vomiting, ipsi facial numbness, contra sensory deficits
38
Describe the symptoms/causes of anterior lobe syndrome
Causes: Malnutrition from chronic alcoholism
Symptoms: Broad, staggering gait and ataxia
39
Describe the symptoms of neocerebellar syndrome
hypotonia, hyporeflexia, dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia
40
Which are the structures of the diencephalon?
1: epithalmus
2: subthalmus
3: hypothalmus
4: thalmus
41
What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
What inhibits this hormone’s synthesis?
melatonin
inhibited by light
42
Which sensory pathway doesn’t have to relay in the thalamus before it gets to the cortex?
• olfaction
43
What are the major neurotransmitters of the thalamus?
• Glutamate, GABA, Ach, others are NE, serotonin, and histamine/dopamine produced in brain stem
44
Which thalamic nuclei are concerned with vision?
lateral postierior and pulvinar and lateral geniculate (relay)
45
Which structure provides afferent info to the VA nucleus of the thalamus?
Afferent = Globus pallidus
46
Which thalamic nucleus would receive nociceptive info regarding the face?
• VPM, trigeminalthalamic tract:
47
What is the major neurotransmitter released by NRT neurons in the thalamus?
• GABA
48
Which nucleus is associated with the auditory system?
medial geniculate
49
What is the difference between relay and association nuclei?
Relay = Receive well-defined bundles of specific input fibers and project to particular functional areas of the cerebral cortex
Association = Receive their major contingent of specific inputs from the cerebral cortex itself
50
Which symptoms are associated with the “thalamic syndrome”?
• Major damage to VPL/VPM, thalamic pain Central pain from otherwise painless tactile stimulus tensive damage also
cause atax ia and tactile insensitivity. Together with thalamic pain = “thalamic syndrome” *Occurs contralateral to lesion*
51
these questions suck
blah blah blah
52
What type of EEG waves would you expect to see of someone in a very deep, restorative sleep?
* Alpha waves = quiet wakefulness very active
* Beta waves = awake, high activity
* Theta waves = light sleep
* Delta waves = deep sleep
53
On what cortical layer (I thorough VI) do thalamocortical relay neurons normally terminate?
Layer 4 of the cortex
54
How does the ascending reticular activating system affect thalamocortical activity?
?
55
Which behaviors are associated with hypothalamic control?
Brain center for homeostasis: Ingestive, reproductive, and defensive behaviors or feeding, fighting, fleeing and mat ing
56
Which division of the hypothalamus is involved with parasympathetic activity?
Ant hypothalamus: parasympathetic
57
What divisions of the hypothalamus are divided by the fornix?
Medial and Lateral hypothalamus
58
Which hypothalamic nuclei are part of the neurohypophysis?
2 hypothalamic nuclei: supraoptic and paraventricular –magnocellular
59
What hypothalamic nucleus releases dopamine to regulate prolactin release?
arcuate nucleus
60
What is the infundibulum?
a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
61
How does the OVLT help regulate blood osmolarity?
receptors in SFO and OVLT lead to depolarization of supraoptic and paraventricular neurons that secrete ADH
62
Which structures are circumventricular organs?
Neuronal and glial structures that about capillaries and aren’t protected by BBB there are 6 in the brain
• OVLT (Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis),
• Neurohypophysis,
• Median Eminence (base of hypothalamus),
• Pineal gland
• SFO (subfornical organ),
• Area postrema
63
What is the vascular supply for the adenohypophysis?
Internal carotid artery branches into the superior hypophyseal artery
64
Which would be a hormone typically found in the adenohypophysis?
Prolactin, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, TRH, GnRH
65
In what hypothalamic nucleus is the body’s master circadian clock?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
66
What nucleus is the brain’s satiety center?
ventromedial nucleus
67
What is the median forebrain bundle?
connects brainstem tegmentum with basal forebrain
68
What function does histamine have in the brain?
histamine is involved in being awake and alert
69
What causes narcolepsy?
loss of Orexin neurons causes narcolepsy
70
Which hypothalamic nucleus is a major control center for the autonomic nervous system?
paraventricular nucleus
71
What are the subregions of the hippocampal formation?
Papez circuit?
72
How many layers/lamina are there in the hippocampus proper?
?3?
73
What is the basic order of the perforant pathway?
Information arises in the entorhinal cortex à dentate à CA3 à CA1 à subiculum àoutput back to entorhinal cortex.
74
What are the different structures where you’ll find granule cells?
cerebellum, dentate gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex
75
Describe the process of LTP
?
76
From the hippocampus, where does the fornix terminate?
Fornix terminates in mammillary nucleus of hypothalamus, septal area and basal forebrain.
77
Which structures are in the Papez circuit?
cingulate gyrus (parahippocampal region), hippocampus, fornix, mamillary body, ant. nucleus of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus
78
Which behaviors are associated with the amygdala?
Fear
79
Describe the difference between the direct and indirect routes in the amygdala
direct pathway= visceral response (Fast response)
| indirect pathway= basolateral nucleus to central nucleus (slow response)
80
What is the name of a fiber bundle carrying information from the amygdala?
Stria terminalis
81
Why might you want to pay attention to changes in the olfactory system over the course of your lifetime?
Diminished sense of smell or olfactory hallucinations are often early signs of a neurodegenerative disease.
82
What type of cells in the olfactory system are the primary sensory receptors?
Bipolar cells
83
Which are the support cells in the olfactory system?
mitral cell, bipolar cell, granule cell, periglomular cell
84
Where are the cell bodies of mitral cells located?
in the olfactory bulb
85
What type of receptors signal odorant binding?
G protein coupled receptor
86
Olfactory information is represented cortically on the ipsilateral side, contralateral side, or bilaterally?
Information from one nostril travels to contralateral nostril, otherwise all pathways are ipsilateral.
87
What fiber tract is used to localize odor information?
Anterior commissure
88
What cranial nerve innervates taste receptors on circumvallate papillae?
Lingual branch of CN IX
89
Where are the fungiform papillae located on the tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of CN VII
90
Which of the following cranial nerves does not code for any gustatory info?
CN XI
91
What type of ions are used in detecting sour taste?
Salty?
H+ ions
Nat+ ions
92
What is the main ligand binding to umami-detecting receptors?
Amino acids, involves GPCRs
93
Which cortical area is the primary gustatory center?
Located in Brodmann's area 36 and the insula-‐operculum regions of cortex.
94
Which thalamic nucleus serves as the relay in the gustatory pathway?
nucleus of the solitary tract
95
What happens to the orientation of an image passing through a biconvex lens?
A convex lens will invert an image
96
What is the term for vision where the images is focused before the retina due to the eyeball being relatively too long?
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
97
What color is the macula lutea?
Yellow
98
What gives the macula lutea this color?
Yellow because of cones
99
What cell type IS / is not found in the retina?
```
IS..
• Rods
• Cones
• Bipolar cells (– On biploar / – Off bipolar )
• Retinal ganglion cells (RGC’s)
• Horizontal cells
• Amacrine cells
• Pigment epithelium
```
100
Which retinal cell types are actually neurons?
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC’s)
101
What is the major neurotransmitter in the retina?
GLUTAMATE
102
How many types of cone pigments are there in a normal human eye?
Three types of cone pigments : Blue , Green, Red Cones
103
What does the term “dark current” reference in photo transduction?
Light inhibits transduction
104
What is the role of horizontal cells?
these cells help the eye to see under both bright and dim conditions
105
What is the role of Amacrine cells?
these are responsible for about 70% of input in to the retinal ganglion
106
What is the role of Bipolar cells?
transfer about 30% of the information from the rods and cones to the retinal ganglion cells
107
What is the role of Retinal ganglion cells?
these cells recieve sensory information from the photoreceptor and project image forming and non image forming info to the thalamus, hypothalamus and the mesencephalon
108
The left LGN contains information from which of the following areas?
Each side of LGN contains info from both retinas
109
What Broadmann’s Area is the Primary Visual Area (V-1)?
Area 17
110
How are ocular dominance columns organized?
?
111
An image in your left, superior visual field would be expressed where in V1 in regards to laterality and the calcarine sulcus?
Primary visual cortex :
* LEFT visual field in RIGHT eye and LEFT visual field in LEFT eye are both sent to the BRAIN
* LEFT visual field in RIGHT eye and LEFT visual field in LEFT eye sent to the RIGHT side of the RETINA
112
What type of info is in the ventral stream of the visual pathway?
Image properties
113
Damage to the left Meyer’s loop will cause what kind of visual dysfunction?
Quadrantanopia
114
Damage to the optic chiasm will cause what kind of visual dysfunction?
Bitemporal hemianopia
115
What is a target of the non-thalamic retinal pathways?
* Hypothalamus: circadian entrainment (what time a day?)
| * Pretectal nuclei: autonomic responses • Superior colliculus: orientation toward visual stimuli
116
What cortical area controls voluntary fixation?
Controlled by secondary visual cortex
117
What area controls the optokinetic reflex?
Controlled by Superior Colliculus
118
Which muscle(s) IS / is not innervated by the oculomotor nucleus?
IS..
| Superior oblique and lateral rectus
119
What kind of sensory information reaches the superior colliculus
* Conscious vision
* There are retinotoptic maps in the superior colliculus
* There are also maps for auditory and tactile stimuli in the superior colliculus
120
How many semicircular canals are there?
3
121
Which structure is a part of the kinetic labyrinth?
Ampula, Christa, Cupula, Semilunar canals
122
Which structure is part of the static labyrinth?
Macula, Saccule, Utricle, Otoconia
123
On what layer does the organ of corti sit atop
Basilar membrane
124
On what layer do hair cells of the organ of corti contact superiorly?
Tectorial membrane
125
Endolymph has a high concentration of which ion?
Potassium(K+)
126
What is the name of the substance that moves the stereocilia in the kinetic labyrinth?
endolymph
127
What is the name of the substance that moves the stereocilia in the static labyrinth?
Otoconia-‐ contains calcium carbonate
128
Vertical acceleration is detected by hair cells on which structure?
saccule
129
What is the name of the pathway responsible for maintaining tone in anti-gravity/extensor muscles?
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
130
Which vestibular nucleus is involved with the head jerk reflex upon tripping?
Medial vestibular nucleus
131
What are the ossicles?
malleus, the incus and the stapes of the middle ear
132
What cranial nerve is involves with the stapedial reflex?
CN 7
133
Which cranial nerve is involved with the reflex mediated by the tensor tympani?
CN5
134
How does the auditory system have a tonotopic map?
short stiff fibers increase progressivley from proximal to distal and the diameters increase. short stiff fibers respond to high frequencies while long, flexible fibers respond to low frequencies. this is what creates the tonotopic map
135
What is the pathway for auditory info to reach the brain from the periphery?
spiral ganglia --> superior olivary nucleus --> inferior colliculus --> MGN of the thalamus --> primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus)
136
What is the difference between the lateral lemniscus and medial lemniscus?
- medial lemniscus = for proprioceptive and touch sensation from the opposite side of the body, below the head
- lateral lemniscus = for hearing impulses from both ears (mainly the opposite side
137
What is the major role of outer hair cells?
they recieve efferent info from the olivocochlear system; when theres a loud noise, outter hair cells become contractile in order to prevent damage.
138
Does auditory info travel ipsilaterally? Bilaterally?
| Contraleterally?
signals from both ears are transmitted bilaterally.
- it favors the contralateral side
