Neurotransmission

Question 1

The ______ is the basic unit of communication in the nervous system.

Answer 1

Neuron

Question 2

The ______ is a fatty layer that wraps around the axons of neurons to increase transmission speed.

Answer 2

Myelin sheath

Question 3

The ______ contains the cellular machinery that keeps the neuron alive, including the nucleus.

Answer 3

Cell body

Question 4

The ______ are extensions of a neuron that receive information from other neurons.

Answer 4

Dendrites

Question 5

The ______ is the part of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

Answer 5

Axon

Question 6

The ______ are located at the end of an axon and are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters.

Answer 6

Axon terminals

Question 7

The gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released is called the ______.

Answer 7

Synapse

Question 8

Neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons, a process known as an ______.

Answer 8

Action potential

Question 9

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately ______ mV.

Answer 9

-70

Question 10

The ______ pumps 2 K+ ions into the cell and 3 Na+ ions out, contributing to the negative membrane potential.

Answer 10

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 11

The neurotransmitter ______ is involved in muscle control and is released at neuromuscular junctions.

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

The neurotransmitter ______ is involved in mood regulation, particularly related to depression and anxiety.

Answer 12

Serotonin

Question 13

The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with reward, motivation, and addiction.

Answer 13

Dopamine

Question 14

The ______ channels open in response to depolarization and allow sodium ions to enter the cell during an action potential.

Answer 14

Voltage-gated sodium

Question 15

The ______ channels open to allow potassium ions to exit the cell, repolarizing the membrane after an action potential.

Answer 15

Voltage-gated potassium

Question 16

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through a process called ______.

Answer 16

Exocytosis

Question 17

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ on the postsynaptic membrane, initiating a response in the receiving neuron.

Answer 17

Receptors

Question 18

______ channels open in response to an action potential and allow Ca2+ to enter the presynaptic neuron.

Answer 18

Voltage-gated calcium

Question 19

The ______ is the location in the neuron where action potentials are generated.

Answer 19

Axon hillock

Question 20

Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by ______ or ______.

Answer 20

Reuptake, enzymatic breakdown

Question 21

______ neurons transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.

Answer 21

Sensory

Question 22

______ neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands.

Answer 22

Motor

Question 23

The ______ are the immune cells of the central nervous system, scavenging plaques and damaged cells.

Answer 23

Microglia

Question 24

______ cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes

Question 25

______ cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 25

Schwann

Question 26

The process by which the nervous system changes in response to experience is called ______.

Answer 26

Neuroplasticity

Question 27

The ______ neuron type is characterized by a single long axon and multiple dendrites.

Answer 27

Multipolar

Question 28

The ______ are gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated.

Answer 28

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 29

The ______ is a reflex response in which stretching a muscle causes it to contract.

Answer 29

Knee-jerk reflex

Question 30

In the central nervous system, ______ matter contains the cell bodies of neurons.

Answer 30

Gray

Question 31

In the central nervous system, ______ matter consists of myelinated axons.

Answer 31

White

Question 32

The ______ system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Answer 32

Autonomic nervous

Question 33

The ______ is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.

Answer 33

Sympathetic

Question 34

The ______ is part of the autonomic nervous system that controls 'rest and digest' functions.

Answer 34

Parasympathetic

Question 35

______ neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

Answer 35

Cholinergic

Question 36

______ neurons release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

Answer 36

Adrenergic

Question 37

The ______ gland releases hormones that regulate other glands and bodily functions.

Answer 37

Pituitary

Question 38

The ______ is involved in regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

The ______ controls involuntary muscles and organs in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 39

Autonomic nervous system

Question 40

The ______ is the main neurotransmitter system involved in the 'reward' pathway of the brain.

Answer 40

Dopaminergic

Question 41

The ______ lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information.

Answer 41

Occipital

Question 42

______ summation occurs when multiple presynaptic inputs combine to generate a larger postsynaptic potential.

Answer 42

Spatial

Question 43

______ summation occurs when repeated inputs from the same presynaptic neuron build upon each other.

Answer 43

Temporal

Question 44

An ______ receptor responds directly to a neurotransmitter by opening an ion channel.

Answer 44

Ionotropic

Question 45

A ______ receptor triggers intracellular signaling pathways after binding to a neurotransmitter.

Answer 45

Metabotropic

Question 46

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ channels to generate an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Answer 46

Ligand-gated ion

Question 47

______ are the star-shaped glial cells involved in maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 47

Astrocytes

Question 48

______ cells wrap around axons in the peripheral nervous system to form the myelin sheath.

Answer 48

Schwann

Question 49

______ cells are the macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for immune defense.

Answer 49

Microglia

Question 50

______ are glial cells responsible for myelinating neurons in the central nervous system.

Answer 50

Oligodendrocytes

Question 51

The ______ is the insulating layer around axons that increases the speed of action potential conduction.

Answer 51

Myelin sheath

Question 52

Synaptic transmission begins when an ______ arrives at the presynaptic terminal.

Answer 52

Action potential

Question 53

Calcium enters the presynaptic terminal and triggers the release of ______ from synaptic vesicles.

Answer 53

Neurotransmitters

Question 54

______ is the process of recycling neurotransmitter vesicle membranes after exocytosis.

Answer 54

Endocytosis

Question 55

Neurotransmitters act on ______ to propagate signals to the postsynaptic neuron.

Answer 55

Receptors

Question 56

Neurotransmitter release is triggered by the influx of ______ ions into the presynaptic terminal.

Answer 56

Calcium

Question 57

The ______ system is responsible for detecting pain, temperature, and pressure.

Answer 57

Somatosensory

Question 58

The ______ is a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement, attention, and learning.

Answer 58

Dopamine

Question 59

The ______ is a neurotransmitter that is inhibitory and helps to control anxiety and stress.

Answer 59

GABA

Question 60

______ is the neurotransmitter that typically acts at neuromuscular junctions to trigger muscle contraction.

Answer 60

Acetylcholine

Question 61

The ______ is involved in regulating circadian rhythms, sleep, and wakefulness.

Answer 61

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 62

The ______ potential is the difference in electrical charge across a cell's plasma membrane.

Answer 62

Membrane

Question 63

The ______ period is the time following an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again.

Answer 63

Refractory

Question 64

The ______ describes the rapid depolarization of a neuron during an action potential.

Answer 64

Rising phase

Question 65

______ describes the rapid return of a neuron's membrane potential to a negative value after depolarization.

Answer 65

Repolarization

Question 66

______ potentials are brief, localized changes in membrane potential that can summate to trigger an action potential.

Answer 66

Graded

Question 67

A ______ potential is the electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron.

Answer 67

Action

Question 68

The ______ synapse involves the direct flow of ions between neurons via gap junctions.

Answer 68

Electrical

Question 69

The ______ synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Answer 69

Chemical