Neurotransmitter

Question 1

Where is acetylcholine located in the brain? (2) What are the functions of acetylcholine in these locations?

Answer 1

1. ) Brainstem -> arousal

2. ) Basal ganglia (striatum) -> motor control

Question 2

What is acetylcholine synthesized from?

Answer 2

Choline and acetate

Question 3

How is acetylcholine transported into vesicles?

Answer 3

VAchT

Question 4

How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?

Answer 4

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 5

What binds to ionotropic receptors?

Answer 5

Nicotine and acetylcholine

Question 6

What binds to Muscarinic receptors?

Answer 6

Muscarine and acetylcholine

Question 7

Ionotropic receptors are what kind of channel?

Answer 7

ion channel

Question 8

What is the ion that passes through a nicotinic channel?

Answer 8

Na+

Question 9

How many subunits do inotropic channels contain?

Answer 9

5

Question 10

What Muscarinic receptors are Gq coupled? What is the second messenger?

Answer 10

M1, M3, M5. IP3/DAG which leads to Ca release

Question 11

What muscarinic receptors are Gi coupled? What is the second messenger?

Answer 11

M2, M4. Decreased AC via inhibition

Question 12

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

Answer 12

GABA

Question 13

What area of the CNS has the least amount of GABA?

Answer 13

The spinal cord

Question 14

What is GABA critical in? (3)

Answer 14

1. ) Consciousness
2. ) Motor control
3. ) Vision (retina)

Question 15

What is GABA synthesized from? Via what enzyme?

Answer 15

Glutamate. GAD.

Question 16

How is GABA transported into vesicles?

Answer 16

Via VGAT.

Question 17

How is GABA removed from the synapse?

Answer 17

Via GAT (GABA transporter)

Question 18

What are the two forms of GAT?

Answer 18

GAT 1 and GAT 2

Question 19

What is the function of GAT 1?

Answer 19

It is on the presynaptic terminal and takes GABA up to repackage it into vesicles.

Question 20

What is the function of GAT 2?

Answer 20

It is located on astrocytes. It takes GABA up and the GABA is converted to glutamine and released into the ECF. Glutamine is then taken up by the presynaptic terminal and recycled into GABA.

Question 21

GABAa is what kind of receptor? What does it allow into the cell?

Answer 21

Ionotropic. Cl-

Question 22

Activation of GABA causes what in adult neurons?

Answer 22

IPSP

Question 23

What three chemicals potentiate GABA?

Answer 23

1. ) Ethanol
2. ) Benzodiazepines
3. ) Some steroids

Question 24

GABAb is what kind of receptor?

Answer 24

Metabotropic

Question 25

What is the second messenger of GABAb and what are their functions?

Answer 25

Gi/Go protein coupled. Activate a K+ channel Close down and inhibit a Ca channel.

Question 26

What does a presynaptic GABAb do?

Answer 26

Regulates NT release

Question 27

What does a postsynaptic GABAb do?

Answer 27

Inhibits post synaptic cells

Question 28

Where is glycine found?

Answer 28

Spinal cord > medulla > least in the higher areas of brain

Question 29

What is the function of glycine?

Answer 29

Inhibitor

Question 30

What removes glycine from the synapse?

Answer 30

GAT, same as GABA.

Question 31

Glycine binds to what kind of channel?

Answer 31

Ionotropic (which releases Cl which leads to ipsp)

Question 32

What two chemicals bind to and potentiate glycine?

Answer 32

Ethanol & general anesthetics

Question 33

What is the name of the glycine receptor?

Answer 33

GlyR

Question 34

What are the three purine neurotransmitters?

Answer 34

ATP, ADP, and adenosine

Question 35

What are the 2 purine receptors?

Answer 35

P1 and P2

Question 36

What is the ligand for the P1 receptor?

Answer 36

Adenosine only

Question 37

When the P1 receptor is bound to post-synaptically, what are the two effects?

Answer 37

1. ) sleep induction | 2. ) general inhibition of neural function

Question 38

What are the two types of P2 receptors?

Answer 38

P2X and P2Y

Question 39

P2X is what kind of receptor? What is the ligand?

Answer 39

Ionotropic. ATP

Question 40

P2Y is what kind of receptor? What is the ligand(s)?

Answer 40

Metabotropic. ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP.

Question 41

What are the functions of P2X and P2Y receptors?

Answer 41

Learning and memory. Modification of the locomotor pathways.

Question 42

Where are opioids made?

Answer 42

Basal ganglia and hypothalamus

Question 43

What are the 2 general functions of opioids?

Answer 43

1. ) modification of nociceptive inputs | 2. ) mood/affect

Question 44

What are the 4 precursor molecules for opioids?

Answer 44

1. ) POMC 2. ) Pro-enkephalin 3. ) Pro-dynorphin 4. ) Orphanin FQ

Question 45

How are opioids removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 45

Probably by re-uptake. Maybe by enzymatic destruction by enkephalinase and aminopeptidase

Question 46

The Mu opioid receptors are what kind of receptor?

Answer 46

metabotropic (serpentine)

Question 47

Activation of the Mu receptors causes what?

Answer 47

Analgesia, respiratory distress, euphoria, constipation, and sedation

Question 48

What kind of receptors are Kappa opioid receptors?

Answer 48

Serpentine (metabotropic)

Question 49

What kind of effects do Kappa opioid receptors produce?

Answer 49

Analgesia and dysphoria

Question 50

What kind of receptors are Delta opioid receptors?

Answer 50

Serpentine (metabotropic)

Question 51

What kind of effects do Delta opioid receptors produce?

Answer 51

Analgesia

Question 52

Mu receptors lead to what?

Answer 52

An increase in potassium efflux and hyper polarization via Gi

Question 53

Delta and Kappa receptors lead to what?

Answer 53

Decreased calcium influx via Go

Question 54

Endocannabinoids are derived from what?

Answer 54

Arachadonic acid

Question 55

What is the central location of endocannabinoids?

Answer 55

Basal ganglia, cortex, spinal cord.

Question 56

What are the functions of endocannabinoids?

Answer 56

Mood, neuroprotective, nociception

Question 57

What is the metabotropic receptor for endocannabinoids?

Answer 57

CB-1

Question 58

The CB-2 receptor has what function?

Answer 58

anti-inflammatory

Question 59

What are the two excitatory amino acids?

Answer 59

Glutamate and aspartate

Question 60

What is glutamate derived from?

Answer 60

a-ketoglutarate

Question 61

What does EAA stand for?

Answer 61

Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter system.

Question 62

NMDA receptors are what kind of receptors? What activates them?

Answer 62

Ionotropic which allow calcium in. Glutamate, aspartate and they REQUIRE glycine as a co-agonist.

Question 63

Where is the magnesium binding site within NMDA receptors? What is the function?

Answer 63

Within the channel itself. Blocks the channel at RMP.