Neurotransmitters

Question 1

What are the 2 “fast response” type of receptors?

Answer 1

Ion Receptors, G protein coupled receptors

Question 2

What are the 2 “slow response” type of receptors?

Answer 2

Enzyme linked transmembrane receptors, Intracellular receptors

Question 3

What are examples of ligand gated ion receptors?

Answer 3

Nicotinic receptors, NMDA, GABA

Question 4

What kind of receptor do local anesthetics work on?

Answer 4

Voltage-sensItive ion channel

Question 5

What type of receptor is the most abundant in the body?

Answer 5

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 6

How does a G-protein coupled receptor work and what are some examples?

Answer 6

The receptor activates or inhibits an enzyme, it uses a second messenger system to work at an effector protein to target the ion channel or a target receptor. Ex: hormones, catecholamines, opioids, anticholinergics, antihistamines

Question 7

In both the PNS and SNS, you will see _____ interact with a ______ receptor

Answer 7

acetylcholine, nicotinic

Question 8

What two substances come together to make acetylcholine? What substance is located within the synapse?

Answer 8

AcetylCoA and Choline, choline acetyltransferase

Question 9

Acetylcholine is stored in ____ until the neuron fires

Answer 9

vesicles

Question 10

After traveling to the post synaptic membrane, what does acetylcholine break down in to? What is the substance that breaks it down?

Answer 10

Choline and acetate, acetylcholinesterase

Question 11

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors? Where are they located?

Answer 11

Ligand gated, neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and CNS

Question 12

What are 3 agonists of nicotinic receptors?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine, succinylcholine, nicotine

Question 13

What type of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

Answer 13

G-protein coupled

Question 14

What are muscarinic receptors stimulated by? Blocked by?

Answer 14

Stimulated: acetylcholine, muscarine. Blocked: atropine, scopolamine, pilocarpine.

Question 15

What does stimulation of muscarinic receptors do?

Answer 15

Salivary and sweat gland secretion, pupillary constriction, increased GI peristalsis, slows SA and AV nodes. (parasympathetic effects)

Question 16

Where is dopamine synthesized?

Answer 16

CNS neurons

Question 17

Where is Epi and Norepi synthesized?

Answer 17

second-order neurons of the SNS in the adrenal medulla. Norepi also in CNS neurons

Question 18

How many subgroups are there of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 18

5, M1-M5

Question 19

What are the two receptors classes of dopamine?

Answer 19

D1-like, D2-like

Question 20

What subclasses are in D1-like dopamine class? What do they do?

Answer 20

D1, D5. Increase cAMP (by a second messenger system)

Question 21

What are the subclasses in the D2-like dopamine class? What do they do?

Answer 21

D2, D3, D4, decrease cAMP

Question 22

What are the central functions of dopamine?

Answer 22

memory, problem solving, reward-pleasure, inhibition of prolactin secretion, fine control of movement, nausea and vomiting (chemoreceptor trigger zone)

Question 23

What are the peripheral functions of dopamine?

Answer 23

Coronary and renal vasodilation

Question 24

What are agonists of dopamine receptors and what are their side effects?

Answer 24

Dopamine, L-dopa. Side effects: Euphoria, psychosis, orthostatic hypotension, nausea

Question 25

What are antagonists of dopamine receptors and what are their side effects?

Answer 25

Haloperidol, other antipsychotics, antiemetics (metaclopramide, droperidol) Side effects: parkinsonism (tremors, extrapyramidal reactions), hyperprolactinemia

Question 26

What are the two classes of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 26

alpha and beta

Question 27

How many classes does each have? Alpha: Beta:

Answer 27

Alpha: 2, Beta: 3

Question 28

What is histamine synthesized from? Which 3 locations?

Answer 28

histadine. CNS, Immune cells (basophils & mast cells), GI tract (mast cells in stomach)

Question 29

How many types of receptors does Histamine have?

Answer 29

3, H1, H2, H3

Question 30

Where are H1 receptors located and what do they do? What are examples of antagonists?

Answer 30

located on vascular smooth muscle and in CNS Dilate vascular smooth muscle, constrict bronchial smooth muscle (think allergic rxn) Antagonists: diphenhydramine, loratadine

Question 31

Where are H2 receptors located and what do they do? What are examples of antagonists?

Answer 31

Located in stomach, they increase acid secretion. Antagonists: famotidine

Question 32

Where are H3 receptors located and what do they do?

Answer 32

presynaptic reduction in further histamine release

Question 33

Serotonin is found in the ____ nucleus in the brainstem and projects to other regions of the brain to regulate ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 33

Raphe | mood, cognition, sleep

Question 34

____ is the only serotonin receptor that is ligand gated. It causes _____.

Answer 34

5HT3, nausea

Question 35

What medication is a serotonin antagonist?

Answer 35

ondansetron (antiemetic)

Question 36

What is Substance P?

Answer 36

An amino peptide produced from pain in the CNS and PNS

Question 37

What are substance P receptors?

Answer 37

Neurokinin receptors, NK1, NK2, NK3

Question 38

Substance P blocked in the ___ and ____ will reduce nausea through the ______.

Answer 38

gut and the CNS, CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone)

Question 39

What are the 6 neurotransmitters associated with PONV? (technically one is not a NT)

Answer 39

Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Histamine, Substance P, Opioids.

Question 40

What is the primary brain excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 40

Glutamate

Question 41

What is the primary spinal cord excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

Aspartate

Question 42

Which neurotransmitter is the most prominent in the brain?

Answer 42

Glutamate

Question 43

T or F: Glutamate is charged so it does not cross the blood-brain barrier

Answer 43

True

Question 44

All glutamate is synthesized from _____, which crosses the blood brain barrier.

Answer 44

Glutamine

Question 45

What is a glutamate receptors important to anesthesia?

Answer 45

NMDA

Question 46

NMDA requires co-activation with ____ and ____

Answer 46

glutamate and glycine

Question 47

What are 2 NMDA antagonists?

Answer 47

Nitrous and Ketamine

Question 48

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? (2nd most abundant)

Answer 48

GABA

Question 49

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

Answer 49

Glycine

Question 50

Where is GABA synthesized? What is it converted from?

Answer 50

Pre-synaptic neuron, converted from Glutamine (goes from excitatory NT to an inhibitory NT)

Question 51

What is allosteric regulation?

Answer 51

Binding of a drug or chemical at a site DIFFERENT that increases the affinity for GABA to bind and react.

Question 52

What are some positive allosteric modulators?

Answer 52

Propofol, Benzos, Sterioids, Barbituates

Question 53

What is a negative allosteric modulator?

Answer 53

Flumazenil