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Neuro > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • created in most neurons and glial cells
  • found throughout CNS:
    • cortex, SC, Brainstem, Hippocampus, Cerebellum
  • motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
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2
Q

Glutamate (post-synaptic response & function)

A

-Excitatory

function:

  • Involved in virtually every major excitatory brain function
  • Learning and memory
  • Synaptic Plasticity (=the brain’s ability to change!)
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3
Q

Glutamate (Receptors)

A

-Ionotropic: AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, Kainate receptors

-Metabotropic: (G-coupled protein receptors) – MANY
different specifically named receptors
-Modulate glutamate release
-Affect postsynaptic excitability

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4
Q

Acetylcholine (where is it synthesized & found)

A

Widely distributed – Synthesized in presynaptic terminals of spinal cord anterior horns, basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem (pons & medulla).

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5
Q

Acetylcholine (post-synaptic response & function)

A
  • Excitatory (neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglion and gland)
  • Inhibitory (Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle)

Functions:

  • Plays an important role at neuromuscular junctions to elicit muscle contraction
  • Also plays role in autonomic function and neuromodulation
  • In CNS, involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, sexuality, amongst other things
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6
Q

ACh (receptors)

A
  • Ionotropic: nicotinic receptors (excitatory)

- Metabotropic: muscarinic receptors (excitatory or inhibitory)

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7
Q

Glutamate (Agonist/Antagonists)

A
  • Phencyclidine (aka PCP, “angel dust”)

- Riluzole (primary medication used with ALS)

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8
Q

ACh (Agonist/Antagonists)

A

Agonists & Antagonists

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9
Q

GABA (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • Most abundant NT inhibitor in CNS – widely distributed.
  • Synthesized in the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron from the precursor glutamate
  • Increased accumulation found in cell bodies located in basal forebrain, thalamic reticular nucleus, hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic area
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10
Q

GABA (post-synaptic response & function)

A

inhibitory

function:
-Motor control, vision, alertness, anxiety
-Inhibits motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons
–> sedation, muscular/cardiorespiratory
relaxation, pain inhibition

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11
Q

GABA (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors:

  • Ionotropic
  • Metabotropic

Agonists & Antagonist

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12
Q

Glycine (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • Synthesized from serine
  • Found in proteins; one of the 20 most common amino acids
  • Mainly found in brainstem and spinal cord
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13
Q

Glycine (post-synaptic response & function)

A

inhibitory

Function:

  • Inhibits spinal interneurons
  • Participates in processing motor and sensory to permit movement, vision, and auditory functions
  • Helps prevent the breakdown of muscle
  • Necessary for a health digestive system
  • Protects kidneys from harmful side effects of drugs
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14
Q

Glycine (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors
-Ionotropic only:

Agonists & Antagonist

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15
Q

DA (where is it synthesized & found)

A

-CNS: substantia nigra, midbrain (VTA), hypothalamus
-Main Projections: Striatum, Prefrontal Cortex,
Limbic Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens, Amygdala
-ANS: sympathetic neurons

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16
Q

DA (post-synaptic response & function)

A

excitatory & inhibitory

Functions: movements, initiative, working memory
-learning, motivation, HR, blood vessel
function, kidney function, sleep, mood,
attention, nausea/vomiting control, pain
processing

17
Q

DA (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors:
-Metabotropic only

Agonist & Antagonists

18
Q

Epinephrine (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • produced in adrenal glands & functions peripherally
  • stored in the adrenal medulla
  • when released it can affect heart, lungs, muscles, and blood vessels
19
Q

Epinephrine (post-synaptic response & function)

A

excitatory

Function

  • Classified as both NT and hormone
  • Responds to strong emotions like such as fear or anger → causes epinephrine to be released → an increase in HR, BP, muscle strength, and sugar metabolism.
  • The most notable function being those associated with the ‘fight or flight’ response to perceived danger.
20
Q

Epinephrine (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors:
-Metabotropic only

Agonist & Antagonists

21
Q

NE (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • Synthesized from dopamine in the adrenal gland

- Primarily found in cortex: locus ceruleus (pons), medulla and ANS: sympathetic neurons

22
Q

NE (post-synaptic response & function)

A

excitatory

Function:

  • Plays a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information
  • Involved in sleep/wake cycle
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Essential for “fight or flight” reaction to stress
  • Increases attention and focus,
  • Involved in memory storage
  • Involved in emotional control
23
Q

NE (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors
-Metabotropic only

Agonists & Antagonists

24
Q

5-HT (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • Produced in Raphe Nuclei of midline of brainstem
  • Also produced by enterochromaffin cells in GI Tract
  • Mainly stored in synaptic vesicles & platelets
25
Q

5-HT (post-synaptic response & function)

A

inhibitory

Function:

  • stabilizes mood
  • controls bowel movements
  • responsible for sleep
  • can cause nausea
  • help wound healing
  • impacts bone health
26
Q

5-HT (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors

  • Ionotropic
  • Metabotropic
27
Q

Histamine (where is it synthesized & found)

A
  • Secreted in hypothalamus within CNS and sored in hypothalamus and midbrain
  • Most are found outside the nervous system because they are secreted by the hypothalamus
  • Widespread projections to areas of the body within and outside of the nervous system
28
Q

Histamine (receptors &agonist/antagonist)

A

Receptors
-Metabotropic only

Agonist & Antagonist

Neuro (7 decks)

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