- open and close in response to electrical charge across the membrane - changes in positive or negative ions such as K+, Na+, Ca+, Cl-

neurotransmitters Flashcards by Molly Ming

what are the two types of neurotransmitter transmission

1) electrical
2) neurotransmission

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

electrical transmission

information is processes electricaly
ionic current flows passively though the synaptic junction
not able to control as easily

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the main disadvantage of the electrical synapses

the signal transduction which occurs at a very high speed through gap junctions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neurotransmission transmission

neurons communicate with each other by secreting and responding to neurotransmitters (chemicals)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what types of channels do neurotransmitters flow through

gates channels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the movement of ions

move though synaptic membrane through channels (passive) or pumps (active).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

post synaptic receptors : transport

receptors are anchored to the post synaptic membrane
may directly open channels or indirectly (through messenger systems)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 2 main types of cannels

1) open : open all of the time (might be leaky)
2) closed ; have 2 states (open or closes/resting)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

voltage gated (Ions)

open and close in response to electrical charge across the membrane
changes in positive or negative ions such as K+, Na+, Ca+, Cl-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of a voltage gates channel

pharm Ca+: voltage gated calcium channels able to treat heart disease by targeting calcium channels
Ca+ blockers (Nifidepine); used to lower BP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

modality-gated (sensory) is activated by

stretch, pressure or movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where do modality - gated channels occur in

touch receptors of the skin
hearing a balance in the inner ear
temperature changes in the skin
chemicals such as the tongue
pain sensations
stretch receptors in the muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of modality - gated channels in PT

TENS, hot and cold modalities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pumps

Na+ and K+ pump (active) requiring ATP
- 20-40% of the brains synapses are pumps
- moves ions against their concentration gradient
- works to maintain concentration gradients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a neurotransmitter

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where are neuromodulators releases

into the extracellular fluid (NOT THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do neuomodulators work

act on multiple neurons at the same time
act slower and have longer lasting effects
act in junction with NTs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cholinergic NT

acetylcholine (ACh) - excitatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Amino Acid NT

aminobutyric acid (GABA) - Inhibitory
Glutamate - Excitatory
Glycine - inhibitory
Aspartate - Excititory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Amine NT

Study These Flashcards

Dopamine - inhibitory or excitatory
Histamine - Usually inhibitory
Norepinephrine - inhibitory or excitatory
Serotonin / Meltatonin - inhibitory

Peptide NT

Study These Flashcards

Endorphines - usually inhibitory
Enkephalines - usually inhibitory
Substance P - Excitatory

Nitiric oxide

Study These Flashcards

Excitatory NT

what are the 2 neurotransmitters that increase with exercise

Study These Flashcards

Endorphines and Enkephalines

what is glutamate

Study These Flashcards

excitatory NT
widespread throughout the CNS
associated with attention, learning, functioning, and memory
essentrial role in neuroplasticity (LTP) in the hippocampus and neocortex

what can high levels of glutamate lead to

cell death by setting off the inflammatory response called excitotoxicity with a toxic level of Ca+

what is GABA

- main inhibitory NT - found throughout the CNS - helps put us to sleep

what is Gabapentin or Neurontin

- anti seizure medication - also can be used for neuropathic pain - similar to GABA - inhibition of nerve connunication

what is Baclofen

- anti-spasticity medication - similar in structure to GABA

what is Valproic acid

- anti seizure medication - similar in structure to GABA

what is acetylcholine (ACH)

- mostly excitatory or facilitatory - neuromuscular junction - ANS preganglionic and postganglionic neurons receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Dopamine functions as a hormone and NT

- generally excitatory - movement, memory, rewards and motivation (why it is often associated with addiction) - limbiv system connection (happiness) - retina

where is dopamine found

- brainstem - BG - Substantia Nigra (PD)

reward pathways with dopamine

- cocaine and other amphetamines affect reuptake leading to longer dopamine activity, producing euphoria and stereotype behaviors. - require more of the drug to produce the same affect

treatment strategy for PD

- increasing dopamine levels by administering L-Dopa nerve grafting with dopamine containing cells and deep brain stimulation

serotonin

- generally inhibitory - associated with mood, appetite and sleep - often used for depression meds - used for pain reduction (slow acting)

where is Serotonin

90% located in the GI tract; 10% in the brain

what is low levels of serotonin associated with

depression

Prozac

is a selective blocker of serotonin reuptake resulting in serotonin remaining in the synapses longer

what are the distinct pathways of norepinephrine in the brain

cerebral cortex, limbic system and the SC

what is norepinephrine

- hormone and NT - works in the areas of the brain that relate to attention and responding

where is norepinephrine found

- smooth muscle - ANS postganglionic sympathetic cells - brain stem regions

ADHD ritalin meds

increase norepinephrine and increases dopamine

norepinephrine as a hormone

- effects the amygdala, were attention and responses are controlled - underlines the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR and BP and peripheral vasoconstriction)

epinephrine as a hormone

underlines the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR and BP, peripheral vasocontriction, increase lipid breakdown, coronary dilation and bronchial dialation, convert glycogen to glucose)

where is substance P found

- excitatory / facilitory - SC - BG - Limbic system

what is related to high levels of substance P

- changes the perception of pain in individuals with fibromyalgia

endorphines

- are endogenous opioid neuropeptides - Releases positive feeling - they are produces by the CNS and pituitary gland - increases by exercise - reduce the intensity of pain sensed by the brain

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

-protein from the neurotrophin family - acts in neurons in the CNS and PNS - Exercise induced neurogenesis

BDNF exercises induced neurogenesis function of the brain areas

- hippocampus: associated with higher learning and memory - cortex: facilitates nerve growth, differentiation of synapses - Basal forebrain: long term memory

neurotransmitters Flashcards

(49 cards)