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Physiology and Pharmacology > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of purinergic receptors?

A

P2X (ionotropic)

P2Y (GPCR)

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2
Q

How are NDMA glutame receptors activated?

A
  • Has a voltage dependent Mg block
  • Needs a slight increase in voltage from Na in through the AMPA channel to displace
  • Permeable to to Na, Ca, K
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3
Q

What does MAO-A degrade?

A

Noradrenaline and 5-HT

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4
Q

How is GABA formed?

A

From glutamate by the enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

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5
Q

What are opiates?

A
  • Drugs derived from the opoid poppy

- Morphine, heroin

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6
Q

What is the Mesocorticolimbic system involved in?

A
  • The ‘reward’ system
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7
Q

Where is GABA present in the body?

A

Cerebral cortex and striatum

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8
Q

Neruopeptide neurotransmitters?

A

Substance P
Enkaphalin
Endorphins

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9
Q

What are the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

A
  • Acetylchonine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinepherine
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10
Q

What does the basal forbrain complex do?

A
  • Regulates brain excitability during arousal and sleep/wake cycles
  • Role in memory and learning (first to die in Altzhiemers)
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11
Q

What does GABA allow through?

A

Cl - produces IPSPs

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12
Q

How is 5-HT synthesised?

A

1) Tryptophan –> 5-HTP (by tryptophan hydroxylase)

2) 5-HTP –> 5-HT (by 5-HTP decarboxylase)

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13
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A
  • Endogenous forms of canabis used as neurotransmitters
  • Don’t require synaptic vesicles
  • Bind to GPCR
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14
Q

What is the marker for glutamanergic receptors?

A

The glutamate receptors AMPA, NDMA, kainate

- Can’t be glutamate as it is used to make peptides and is found in every neuron

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15
Q

What are the 2 diffuse cholenerigic complexes in the brain?

A

1) Basal forebrain complex (several related neurons)
- Medial septal nucleus (send projections into the hippocampus)
- Basal nucleus of Mayenert (send projections into the neocortex)

2) Pontomesencephalotegmental complex
- In pons and midbrain complex

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16
Q

Where are the neurons in the Nigrostriatal pathway and where do they project?

A
  • In the substansia nigra

- Project into the sriatum

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17
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?

A

Glutamate

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18
Q

What is the marker for cholinergic neurons?

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

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19
Q

What are the 2 dopaminergic diffuse pathways in the brain?

A

1) Nigrostriatal pathway

2) Mesocorticolimbic

20
Q

Where is 5-HT released from and where does it project to?

A
  • Released from raphe nuclei (group of nuclei all along brainstem)
  • Each nuclei project into a different region of the brain
21
Q

Where are opiod receptors present?

A

In nociceptive areas:

1) Dorsal columns
- Blocks pain sensation to brain

2) Periaqueductal grey
- Pain

3) Amygdala
- Emotional response to pain

4) Frontal cortex
- Cognitive pain

5) Bran stem (medulla oblongata)
- Cough reflex
- Depress respiration

22
Q

What does the 5-HT diffuse system modulate?

A
  • Pain-related sensory signals
  • Sleep/wake cycles
  • Mood
  • Emotional behaviour
23
Q

What does the synthesis of 5-HT start with and how is this obtained?

A

Tryptophan, obtained from the diet, moves from the gut –>blood –> Extracellular fluid –> presynaptic vesicles

24
Q

How is ATP used as a neurotransmitter?

A
  • Packaged into vesicles as a co-transporter (never present on its own)
  • Binds to purinergic receptors
25
Q

What is the marker to show GABA neurons?

A

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

26
Q

What is Dale’s principle was it correct?

A
  • One neuron has one neurotransmitter

- Was incorrect as cotransporters

27
Q

Why become addicted to drugs that enhance the Mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A
  • Motivated to perform behaviors that stimulate this pathway

- Like the feeling that the drugs give - reward

28
Q

Which MAO enzyme degrades dopamine?

A

MAO-B

29
Q

What does the noradrenergic diffuse system regulate?

A 
Attention
Arousal
Sleep/wake 
Learning/memory
Anxiety/pain 
Mood
30
Q

How is acetly choline synthesised?

A
  • From acetyl-CoA and choline

- By enzyme ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

31
Q

Where does the diffuse noradrenergic system come from?

A
  • Locus coeruleus (one little nucleus) in the pons

- Innovates nearly all of the brain

32
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate (excitatory)
GABA (inhibitory)
Glycine (inhibitory)
Aspartic acid

33
Q

Amine neurotransmitters?

A

5-HT (Serotonin)
Histamine
acetylcholine

Catecholamines

  • Dopamine
  • norepinepherine
  • epinerpherine
34
Q

How are catecholamines degraded?

A

1) COMT in cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane
2) MAO in the outer mitochondrial membrane
- MAO-A
- MAO-B

35
Q

What are diffuse modulatory systems?

A
  • Core of each system has a small set of nuclei (often in the brainstem)
  • No synapses, neurotransmitter released into the extracellular fluid
  • Regulate functions rather than specific tasks
  • Neurotransmitter can contact 100,000 postsynapic neurons across the brain
36
Q

What neurotransmitter type are opiods?

A

Peptide hormones, formed in the RER

37
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of opiods?

A

1) Analgesia
- Reduce perception and emotional response to pain
2) Intestinal disorders
3) Stop coughs

38
Q

Where are the axons in the Mesocorticolimbic pathway and where do they project?

A
  • Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (in the midbrain)

- Project into the frontal cortex and limbic system

39
Q

What receptors type are the opoid receptors?

A

GPCR - inhibitory G protein

40
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Naturally occuring opoids

41
Q

How is acetyl choline degraded?

A
  • By acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft

- Broken down into acetic acid and choline

42
Q

How are catacholamnies synthesised?

A

1) TYROSINE –> L-Dopa (by tyrosine hydroxylase)
2) L-Dopa –> Dopamine (by dopa decarboxylase in presynaptic terminal)
3) Dopamine –> Norepinepherine (by dopamine B-hydroxylase in synaptic vesicles)
4) Norepinepherine –> epinepherine (By PNMT in cytosol)

43
Q

What are opoids?

A 
A broad class of natural and synthetic compounds 
- Including endorphins, enkephalins, dynophin
44
Q

What does the Nigrostriatal pathway facilitate?

A
  • Voluntary movement

- Degeneration = Parkinsons

45
Q

Problems with opiods?

A 
Tolerance
Dependance
Sedation
Constipation 
Respiratory depression
46
Q

What prevents the release of Ach and how?

A
  • Botulinum toxin (BOTOX)

- Degrades SNARE proteins, preventing vesicle release

Physiology and Pharmacology (15 decks)

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