Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology and Pharmacology > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of purinergic receptors?

A

P2X (ionotropic)

P2Y (GPCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are NDMA glutame receptors activated?

A
  • Has a voltage dependent Mg block
  • Needs a slight increase in voltage from Na in through the AMPA channel to displace
  • Permeable to to Na, Ca, K
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does MAO-A degrade?

A

Noradrenaline and 5-HT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is GABA formed?

A

From glutamate by the enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are opiates?

A
  • Drugs derived from the opoid poppy

- Morphine, heroin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Mesocorticolimbic system involved in?

A
  • The ‘reward’ system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is GABA present in the body?

A

Cerebral cortex and striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neruopeptide neurotransmitters?

A

Substance P
Enkaphalin
Endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

A
  • Acetylchonine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinepherine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the basal forbrain complex do?

A
  • Regulates brain excitability during arousal and sleep/wake cycles
  • Role in memory and learning (first to die in Altzhiemers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does GABA allow through?

A

Cl - produces IPSPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is 5-HT synthesised?

A

1) Tryptophan –> 5-HTP (by tryptophan hydroxylase)

2) 5-HTP –> 5-HT (by 5-HTP decarboxylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A
  • Endogenous forms of canabis used as neurotransmitters
  • Don’t require synaptic vesicles
  • Bind to GPCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the marker for glutamanergic receptors?

A

The glutamate receptors AMPA, NDMA, kainate

- Can’t be glutamate as it is used to make peptides and is found in every neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 diffuse cholenerigic complexes in the brain?

A

1) Basal forebrain complex (several related neurons)
- Medial septal nucleus (send projections into the hippocampus)
- Basal nucleus of Mayenert (send projections into the neocortex)

2) Pontomesencephalotegmental complex
- In pons and midbrain complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the neurons in the Nigrostriatal pathway and where do they project?

A
  • In the substansia nigra

- Project into the sriatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the marker for cholinergic neurons?

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 dopaminergic diffuse pathways in the brain?

A

1) Nigrostriatal pathway

2) Mesocorticolimbic

20
Q

Where is 5-HT released from and where does it project to?

A
  • Released from raphe nuclei (group of nuclei all along brainstem)
  • Each nuclei project into a different region of the brain
21
Q

Where are opiod receptors present?

A

In nociceptive areas:

1) Dorsal columns
- Blocks pain sensation to brain

2) Periaqueductal grey
- Pain

3) Amygdala
- Emotional response to pain

4) Frontal cortex
- Cognitive pain

5) Bran stem (medulla oblongata)
- Cough reflex
- Depress respiration

22
Q

What does the 5-HT diffuse system modulate?

A
  • Pain-related sensory signals
  • Sleep/wake cycles
  • Mood
  • Emotional behaviour
23
Q

What does the synthesis of 5-HT start with and how is this obtained?

A

Tryptophan, obtained from the diet, moves from the gut –>blood –> Extracellular fluid –> presynaptic vesicles

24
Q

How is ATP used as a neurotransmitter?

A
  • Packaged into vesicles as a co-transporter (never present on its own)
  • Binds to purinergic receptors
25
What is the marker to show GABA neurons?
GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)
26
What is Dale's principle was it correct?
- One neuron has one neurotransmitter | - Was incorrect as cotransporters
27
Why become addicted to drugs that enhance the Mesocorticolimbic pathway?
- Motivated to perform behaviors that stimulate this pathway | - Like the feeling that the drugs give - reward
28
Which MAO enzyme degrades dopamine?
MAO-B
29
What does the noradrenergic diffuse system regulate?
``` Attention Arousal Sleep/wake Learning/memory Anxiety/pain Mood ```
30
How is acetly choline synthesised?
- From acetyl-CoA and choline | - By enzyme ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)
31
Where does the diffuse noradrenergic system come from?
- Locus coeruleus (one little nucleus) in the pons | - Innovates nearly all of the brain
32
Amino acid neurotransmitters?
Glutamate (excitatory) GABA (inhibitory) Glycine (inhibitory) Aspartic acid
33
Amine neurotransmitters?
5-HT (Serotonin) Histamine acetylcholine Catecholamines - Dopamine - norepinepherine - epinerpherine
34
How are catecholamines degraded?
1) COMT in cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane 2) MAO in the outer mitochondrial membrane - MAO-A - MAO-B
35
What are diffuse modulatory systems?
- Core of each system has a small set of nuclei (often in the brainstem) - No synapses, neurotransmitter released into the extracellular fluid - Regulate functions rather than specific tasks - Neurotransmitter can contact 100,000 postsynapic neurons across the brain
36
What neurotransmitter type are opiods?
Peptide hormones, formed in the RER
37
What are the therapeutic uses of opiods?
1) Analgesia - Reduce perception and emotional response to pain 2) Intestinal disorders 3) Stop coughs
38
Where are the axons in the Mesocorticolimbic pathway and where do they project?
- Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (in the midbrain) | - Project into the frontal cortex and limbic system
39
What receptors type are the opoid receptors?
GPCR - inhibitory G protein
40
What are endorphins?
Naturally occuring opoids
41
How is acetyl choline degraded?
- By acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft | - Broken down into acetic acid and choline
42
How are catacholamnies synthesised?
1) TYROSINE --> L-Dopa (by tyrosine hydroxylase) 2) L-Dopa --> Dopamine (by dopa decarboxylase in presynaptic terminal) 3) Dopamine --> Norepinepherine (by dopamine B-hydroxylase in synaptic vesicles) 4) Norepinepherine --> epinepherine (By PNMT in cytosol)
43
What are opoids?
``` A broad class of natural and synthetic compounds - Including endorphins, enkephalins, dynophin ```
44
What does the Nigrostriatal pathway facilitate?
- Voluntary movement | - Degeneration = Parkinsons
45
Problems with opiods?
``` Tolerance Dependance Sedation Constipation Respiratory depression ```
46
What prevents the release of Ach and how?
- Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) | - Degrades SNARE proteins, preventing vesicle release

Physiology and Pharmacology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions