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Physiology and Pharmacology > Respiration 1+2 > Flashcards

Respiration 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is air blood barrier

A

Lines the alveoli

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2
Q

What are the 2 forces acting on the lungs when you breath and why?

A

Inward force:
Pleural membrane trying to pull away from the chest wall
due to the elastic nature of the lungs (try to collapse down to the minimum volume)

Outwards force:
Pleural membrane trying to pull away from the lungs due to the chest wall trying to expand

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3
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory epithelium?

A

1) Lines the lumen of the conducting zone
2) Cilliated epithelium
3) Has goblet cells
4) Has Mucous glands
5) Is innovated by sensory nerve endings

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4
Q

What is resistance in parallel?

A

In small airways

1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3…..

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5
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

Additional volume that can be inhaled after a quiet inspiration

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6
Q

What is resistance in series?

A

In large airways

R1+R2+R3….

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7
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

The alveolar air ducts and alveolar ducts

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8
Q

What are the muscles used in quiet expiration?

A

No muscles involved, relies on ELASTIC RECOIL

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9
Q

What is TV?

A

Tidal volume

Amount of air entering and leaving the lungs each breath

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10
Q

Structure of the bronchioles?

A

Small diameter
NO CARTILAGE support (more chance of collapsing)
Lined by respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

What are the muscles used in forced expiration?

A

Accessory muscles:
INTERNAL intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
Neck and back muscles

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12
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of?

How many divisions?

A

The nose, nasopharynx, mouth, phayrnx, layrnx, TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE

The first 16 divisions of the lung branches

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13
Q

What is surfactant and what does it do?

A

Composed of lipids and proteins and produced by type 2 pnueomcytes

Prevents smaller alveoli (with high pressures) from collapsing as the air moves into the larger alveoli (with low pressures)

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14
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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15
Q

What is compliance a measure of?

A

How distensible the lungs are, a measure of elasticity

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16
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone and why does it need to do this?

A

To humidify air (prevents airways drying out), warm air (prevents the air causing bubbles in the blood when it reaches organs) and filter air

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of dead space?

A

Anatomical - conducting zone
Physiological - conducting zone + non-functional parts of the respiratory zone

Should be equal

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18
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total lung capacity

Total volume that the lungs can contain

(VC+RV)

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19
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

Lungs tend to collapse to the minimum volume

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20
Q

What disease causes a decrease in compliance?

A

Fibrosis

More work needed to inspire (smaller change in lung volume for the same pressure)

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21
Q

What is the equation of compliance?

A

C= change in volume/ change in pressure

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22
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

A

1) Collapsed wall of the lungs due to a puncture in the chest wall
2) Pips=Patm
3) No Sub atmospheric pressure
4) Lungs collapse to the minimum volume

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23
Q

What is IC?

A

Inspiratory capacity

Amount of air that can be breathed in after quiet expiration

(TV+IRC)

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24
Q

What is RV?

A

Residual volume

The amount of air left in the lungs after expiration with maximum effort. Prevents collapse

25
Q

What are the two components of elastic recoil?

A

Anatomical

Surface tension

26
Q

What is the process of quiet inspiration?

A

1) Diaphragm moves down into the abdomen
2) External intercostal muscles move upwards and outwards-bringing the ribcage up and out
3) Increase in lung and thoracic volume
4) Air moves down the pressure gradient

27
Q

How does the ANS control airway diameter?

A

PNS - ACh acts on muscarinic receptors leading to constriction
SNS - Noradrenaline acts on B2 causing bronchodilation

28
Q

What is ‘Boyles law’?

A

An increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure

29
Q

What is inspiration and what is the pressure difference between the Patm and the Palv?

A

Breathing in

Patm>Palv

30
Q

What are the muscles used in quiet inspiration?

A

involves primary muscles:
Diaphragm
EXTERNAL intercostal muscles (between the ribs)

31
Q

What is Laplace’s equation and what does it show?

A

P=2T/R
T is surface tension (a constant)
R is the radius (an independant)

This shows that a bubble with a smaller radius will need a higher pressure to keep it inflated

32
Q

What do the sensory nerve endings in the respiratory epithelium do?

A

Project into the lumen, respond to toxins in the air

Produce the cough reflex and close the airways

33
Q

What disease causes an increase in compliance?

A

Emphysema

More difficulty to expire as lungs loss of elastic recoil (bigger change in lung volume for the same pressure)

34
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional residual volume

The amount of air left in the lungs after quiet expiration

(ERV+RV)

35
Q

What are the muscles involved in FORCED INSPIRATION?

A

Primary inspiration muscles:
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles

Accessory muscles:
Scalenes 
Sternoclleidomastoids (in the neck)
Back muscles 
Upper respiratiory tract muscles
36
Q

What are the 3 features of the BRONCHIAL wall and the functions of each?

A

1) Cartilage rings - prevents collapse, keeps airways open
2) Smooth muscle layer - can alter the diameter of the bronchi
3) Elastic tissue - allows recoil
4)

37
Q

What is Poiseuilles law?

A

Resistance = 1/Radius^4

(Resistance is inversely proportional to the radius to the power of 4)
So small changes to the radius can have large effects on the resistance

38
Q

What is the normal compliance?

A

Pressure change of 2.5cmH2O gives volume change of 0.5litres

39
Q

What do the mucous glands do?

A

Release MUCIN which dissolves to give a mucus layer above the cells - keeps the airways moist and traps particles

40
Q

What is expiration and the difference between Patm and Palv?

A

Breathing out

Patm

41
Q

How to calculate volume?

A

V= change in pressure / Resistance

change in pressure is (Palv-Patm)

42
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Measure of force acting to pull a the molecules in a liquid together at a air-water interphase
Causes elastic recoil

43
Q

How does surfactant work?

A

The lipids are ampipathic. The partition into the fluid and reduces surface tension

There is large amounts in the the small alveoli (to prevent collapse) and small amounts in the large alveoli (to prevent over inflation)

44
Q

What is the sub atmospheric pressure of the lungs?

A

P(inter plural space)

45
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A

The 2 membranes easily slide over each other allowing free expansion and collapse of the lungs

46
Q

How many lung branches are there?

A

23-24

47
Q

What is VC

A

Vital capacity

The maximum achevable tidal volume

(ERV+IRV+TV)

48
Q

What humoral factors control airway diameter?

A

Adrenaline - dilation

Histamine - constriction

49
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

In between the pleural membranes, filled with secretions.

Prevents the lungs sticking to the chest wall

50
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes do?

A

Linked to surfactant production

51
Q

Why does surface tension occur in a bubble?

A

Water is attracted to each other, so a single water molecule has forces acting on it in all directions APART FROM where the air-water interface is

This causes water to dive down into the bulk of the liquid (away from the air)
This decreases the surface area of the bubble and increases the pressure inside the bubble

52
Q

What are the pleura?

A

A double membrane which lines the lungs:
Visceral pleura lines the outside of the lungs
Parietal pleura lines the inside of the ribcage/chest wall

53
Q

What are the two types of epithelial cells in the air blood barrier?

A

Type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

54
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

55
Q

What causes the pressure in the inter plural space

A

The pressure inside the pleural cavity is created when forces acting on the lungs balance, preventing collapse of the lungs

56
Q

What is the function of the accessory muscles in inspiration?

A

To help pull the ribcage upwards and outwards quicker to make inspiration faster

57
Q

What is ERV?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be expired after quiet expiration

58
Q

What is the structure of the type 1 pneumocytes and what do they do?

A

Thin, flat cells
Involved in gas exchange
Form a ‘sandwich’ between the cell and the capillary wall

Physiology and Pharmacology (15 decks)

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