Neurotransmitters

Question 1

How fast are fast-acting neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

transmission requires less than 1/1000 of a second

Question 2

How do fast-acting neurotransmitters work?

Answer 2

they act directly

Question 3

How do slow-acting neurotransmitters work?

Answer 3

they act indirectly

Question 4

How long does it take slow-acting neurotransmitters to work?

Answer 4

transmission requires less than 1/10 of a second to minutes

Question 5

Neurotransmitters act within _______

Answer 5

the synaptic cleft

Question 6

Neuromodulators act within _________

Answer 6

extracellular space

Question 7

Neurotransmitters cause _____ effects

Answer 7

local

Question 8

Neuromodulators cause _______ effects

Answer 8

broad

Question 9

_______ alter neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft

Answer 9

neuromodulators

Question 10

Neurotransmitters or Neuromodulators? Which one has effects that act more slowly but usually last longer?

Answer 10

Neuromodulators

Question 11

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major transmitter of the ____

Answer 11

PNS

Question 12

All _______ neurons use ACh

Answer 12

motor

Question 13

ACh at skeletal muscle causes…

Answer 13

contraction

Question 14

ACh at ANS causes…

Answer 14

slowed HR
pupil constriction
increased GI secretion/contraction

Question 15

ACh at the brain causes…

Answer 15

arousal, pleasure, reward, cognitive function

Question 16

Glutamate at the brain causes…

Answer 16

excitatory effect involved in memory and learning

Question 17

Glycine at the spinal cord causes…

Answer 17

inhibition (involved processing motor and sensory information within the spinal cord)

Question 18

GABA at the CNS causes…

Answer 18

inhibition
sedation
antianxiety
antiseizure
sleep inducing

Question 19

What three neurotransmitters discussed are amino acids?

Answer 19

glutamate, glycine, GABA

The 3 Ggggsss

Question 20

T/F Dopamine may act as both a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator depending on where it is released

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Dopamine at the emotional system causes…

Answer 21

feeling of wanting a reward

Question 22

Dopamine at basal ganglia causes…

Answer 22

control of movement
attention
decision making
goal-directed behavior

Question 23

Dopamine at frontal lobe causes…

Answer 23

thinking, planning

Question 24

Norepinephrine at the adrenal gland and sympathetic NS causes…

Answer 24

increases HR and force
dilation of bronchioles
inhibition of peristalsis

Question 25

Norepinephrine at the emotional system and some cerebral cortex causes...

Answer 25

control of mood | increased attention to sensory

Question 26

Seratonin at CNS causes...

Answer 26

regulates sleep, appetite, arousal, mood

Question 27

Histamine at brain cuases...

Answer 27

regulates wakefulness and attention

Question 28

Endogenous opioid peptides include: ____,____,____

Answer 28

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Question 29

What is the function of endogenous opioid peptides?

Answer 29

bind to opioid receptors and inhibit nociceptive signals

Question 30

T/F Substance P is uncommon

Answer 30

F - common

Question 31

What is the function of substance P?

Answer 31

signals tissue damage

Question 32

Which neuromodulator is associated in the pathophysiology of pain syndromes that involve perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful?

Answer 32

substance P

Question 33

Which neuromodulator causes long term neural changes in migraine HA's?

Answer 33

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Question 34

Amine neuromodulators: ____,____,____,____

Answer 34

dopamine norepinephrine serotonin histamine

Question 35

Peptide neuromodulators: ____,____,____

Answer 35

opioids, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide

Question 36

____ is an excitatory neurotransmitter that acts on skeletal muscle. ____ is excitatory, but acts on CNS. ____ is inhibitory, acting primarily on the spinal cord. ____ can affect motor function, but this is through CNS action.

Answer 36

ACh Glutamate glycine dopamine

Question 37

The action of neurotransmitters depends on ____

Answer 37

their receptors

Question 38

The substantia nigra of the midbrain produces the monamine ____

Answer 38

dopamine

Question 39

____ and ____ are the main neurotransmitters in the PNS

Answer 39

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

Question 40

The ____ includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

Answer 40

PNS

Question 41

____ is an automimmune disease where antibodies block skeletal muscle ACh receptors, resulting in muscle weakness.

Answer 41

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 42

A deficiency of ACh may result in what disease?

Answer 42

Alzheimers

Question 43

____ in excess may cause feelings of increased energy, less need for sleep, and an accelerated sense of time

Answer 43

Dopamine

Question 44

excessive levels of _____ may cause seizures or cytotoxicity (process that results in cell death)

Answer 44

glutamate

Question 45

What is the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

Answer 45

GABA

Question 46

may lead to anxiety and seizures

Answer 46

low levels of GABA

Question 47

low levels of ____ within the emotional system may cause feelings of depression

Answer 47

dopamine

Question 48

low levels of _____ are associated with Parkinsons and ADHD

Answer 48

dopamine

Question 49

Excessive levels of ____ in the frontal lobe lead to things like schizophrenia

Answer 49

dopamine

Question 50

____ in excessive may cause feelings of fear and panic

Answer 50

norepinephrine

Question 51

low levels of ____ are associated with depression and suicidal behavior

Answer 51

serotonin

Question 52

excessive levels of ____ is associated with schizophrenia and OCD

Answer 52

serotonin

Question 53

low levels of ____ may cause drowsiness

Answer 53

histamine