Sync Session 1

Question 1

____ is a brain malformation that occurs before, during or right after birth (does not always result in a cognitive deficit)

Answer 1

cerebral palsy

Question 2

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

quadriplegia

Answer 2

4 extremities affected

Question 3

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

triplegia

Answer 3

3 extremities affected

Question 4

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

diplegia

Answer 4

usually both lower extremities

Question 5

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

monoplegia

Answer 5

1 extremity

Question 6

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

hemiplegia

Answer 6

extremities on one side

Question 7

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-excessive neuromuscular activity resulting in “stiff” or “tight” muscles, contracture formation, impaired mobility

Answer 7

spastic

Question 8

damage to axons adjacent to lateral ventricles is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

Answer 8

spastic

Question 9

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-fluctuating tone, movement typically choreiform/athetoid

Answer 9

dyskinetic

Question 10

damage to the basal ganglia is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

Answer 10

dyskinetic

Question 11

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-incoordination/shaking during movement

Answer 11

ataxic

Question 12

damage to the cerebellum results in which form of cerebral palsy?

Answer 12

ataxic

Question 13

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-floppy - little/no ability to move

Answer 13

hypotonic

Question 14

the site of damage is unknown for what form of cerebral palsy?

Answer 14

hypotonic

Question 15

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-more than one type of movement abnormality is present

Answer 15

mixed

Question 16

multiple sites of damage is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

Answer 16

mixed

Question 17

what developmental disorder results in degeneration of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle?

Answer 17

spinal muscular atrophy

Question 18

If the fetus is exposed to cocaine/alcohol malformation of what structures may result?

Answer 18

cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, corpus callosum, neuroglia, neural tube

causes cognitive, motor and behavioral problems

Question 19

What cells that form myelin involve multiple axons?

Answer 19

oligodendrocytes

Question 20

What cells myelinate in the CNS?

Answer 20

oligodendrocytes

Question 21

What cells myelinate in the PNS?

Answer 21

schwann cells

Question 22

steady-state with no net flow of ions across the membrane

Answer 22

resting membrane potential

Question 23

depolarization that only spreads locally along a short distance

Answer 23

local potential

may be either receptor potentials or synaptic potentials

Question 24

strengthening of the potentials by combining the effects of small, rapid local potentials is called

Answer 24

temporal summation

Question 25

strengthening of the potential by adding multiple different potentials from different areas to reach threshold

Answer 25

spatial summation

Question 26

large depolarizing signal actively propagated along an axon

Answer 26

action potential | ALL OR NONE EVENT

Question 27

allow diffusion of small # of ions at a slow continuous rate

Answer 27

leak channels

Question 28

open in response to mechanical forces like stretch, touch, pressure, or temp changes, or chemicals

Answer 28

modality-gated channels

Question 29

open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 29

ligand-gated channels

Question 30

open in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane

Answer 30

voltage-gated channels

Question 31

degeneration of nerve fibers that occurs following injury or disease and that progresses from the place of injury along the axon away from the cell body while the part between the place of injury and the cell body remains intact

Answer 31

Wallerian degeneration

Question 32

if there is an injury to the neuron, the axon retracts towards the cell body and the axon beyond the injury degenerates. What is this process called?

Answer 32

Wallerian degeneration

Question 33

Axons grow at a speed of ____

Answer 33

1-10 mm/day

Question 34

Interrupted action potential conduction, producing temporary paresis/paralysis, & sensory abnormalities

Answer 34

neurapraxia response to injury in PNS

Question 35

wallerian degeneration of the axons in the distal nerve section occurs; nerve conduction distal to the injury is abolished, eliminating sensory/motor function

Answer 35

axonotmesis response to injury in PNS

Question 36

wallerian degeneration distally, with loss of continuity of basement membrane; sprouting axons no longer channeled to their targets causing some mismatching

Answer 36

neurotmesis response to injury in PNS

Question 37

What happens with demyelination in the PNS?

Answer 37

Guillain Barre syndrome Guillain Barre strips axons in PNS barre

Question 38

an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves leading to rapidly developing motor deficits (symmetrical ascending paralysis), autonomic dysfunction, sensory deficits, and respiratory failure

Answer 38

Guillain Barre syndrome often occurs 2-3 weeks following a mild infection

Question 39

The following symptoms are indicative of: - flaccid paralysis - areflexia or diminished reflexes - numbness and tingling ascending - moves distal to proximal

Answer 39

Guillain Barre syndrome

Question 40

plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are treatments for ______

Answer 40

Guillain Barre syndrome

Question 41

What happens with demyelination in the CNS?

Answer 41

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 42

immune-related response in which antibodies induce demyelination by antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 42

multiple sclerosis

Question 43

What type of multiple sclerosis is a single episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts at least 24 hours?

Answer 43

clinically isolated syndrome

Question 44

single neurologic sign or symptom caused by a single lesion Ex. attack of optic neuritis

Answer 44

monofocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)

Question 45

more than one sign or symptom caused by lesions in more than one place Ex. optic neuritis accompanied by numbness or tingling in the legs

Answer 45

multifocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)

Question 46

Clinically Isolated syndrome usually has _____ fever or infection and is followed by a complete or partial recovery

Answer 46

no associated

Question 47

The most common disease course of Multiple sclerosis is

Answer 47

relapsing remitting

Question 48

In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis there are clearly defined attacks of ___ or ___ neurologic symptoms

Answer 48

new or increasing

Question 49

The type of MS with the worst prognosis is

Answer 49

primary progressive MS

Question 50

_____ is characterized by worsening neurologic function from the onset of symptoms, without early relapses or remissions

Answer 50

primary progressive MS

Question 51

____ follows an initial relapsing-remitting course but eventually transitions to a progressive worsening of neurologic function over time

Answer 51

secondary progressive MS

Question 52

The prognosis of MS is ____ if few attacks, good recovery from attacks, relapsing-remitting, early medical management and adherence

Answer 52

GOOD

Question 53

The prognosis of MS is ____ if multiple attacks, poor recovery from attacks, primary progressive, pyramidal brainstem, or cerebellar signs

Answer 53

POOR

Question 54

What happens with autoimmune destruction of post-synaptic receptors?

Answer 54

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 55

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that produces antibodies agains ACh receptors

Answer 55

myasthenia gravis

Question 56

____ is characterized by varying degrees of weakness, which increases with activity and improves with rest

Answer 56

myasthenia gravis

Question 57

in myasthenia gravis the ______ are affected first

Answer 57

repetitive muscles muscles with high frequency of contraction (eyelids, facial expression, respiration)

Question 58

A key sign for ____ is a motor dysfunction without sensation, cognitive, or autonomic symptoms

Answer 58

myasthenia gravis

Question 59

_____ occurs when the muscles that control breathing weaken, requiring artificial ventilation

Answer 59

myasthenic crisis for those already weakened, may be triggered by infection, fever or another adverse reaction

Question 60

These are treatment options for ____: - thymectomy - Anticholinesterase agents - immunosuppressive - plasmapheresis - high dose IVIg

Answer 60

Myasthenia gravis