Neurotrasnmitters

Question 1

How many neurotransmitters have be identified?

They are classified ___ and ___.

Answer 1

50
Chemically
Functionally

Question 2

Neurotransmitters must be synthesized in ___

Answer 2

Neuron

Question 3

Neurotransmitters must be stored in ___

Answer 3

Neuron

Question 4

Neurotransmitters must have ___ sites specific to its compound on the ___ membrane

Answer 4

Receptor

Post-synaptic

Question 5

Major transmitter of PNS:

Answer 5

ACh

Question 6

ACh has ___ effect on nicotinic receptors

Answer 6

Excitatory

Question 7

ACh has ___ effect on muscarinic receptors, dependent ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 7

Inhibitory or Excititory

Question 8

Release of ACh is inhibited by:

Answer 8

Botulinum toxin

Question 9

Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors is inhibited by ____

Answer 9

Curare

Question 10

Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors is inhibited by___

Answer 10

Atropine

Question 11

Nicotinic receptors are affected in what disease?

Answer 11

Myasthenia gravis

Question 12

ACh levels decrease in certain brain areas in which disease?

Answer 12

Alzheimer’s

Question 13

Nicotine binding to nicotinic ACh receptors enhances ___ release.

Answer 13

Dopamine

Question 14

Catecholamines are?

Answer 14

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

Question 15

Catecholamines are synthesized by what amino acid?

What is produced each time synthesis happens?

Answer 15

Tyrosine

Neuromelanin

Question 16

All adrenal receptors are ___

Answer 16

Metabotropic

Question 17

Norepinephrine is found in the ____

Answer 17

Locus ceruleus of the midbrain

Question 18

Fates of metabolites of norepinephrine

Answer 18

Excreted via urine

Question 19

Norepinephrine is a “___” neurotransmitter and may play a roll in mood

Answer 19

Feel good

Question 20

Reduced norepinephrine is related to ___

Increased norepinephrine is related to___

Answer 20

Depression

Mania

Question 21

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter prominent in the striated ___ system, which lead to the proper timing of ___

Answer 21

Motor

Muscle contraction

Question 22

Dopamine is prominent in ___ neurons

Answer 22

Substantia nigra

Question 23

Dopamine can be either ___ or ___ depending on receptor type

Answer 23

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Question 24

Dopamine deficiency is related to ___ disease, the opposite of Huntington’s

Answer 24

Parkinson’s

Question 25

5-HT is formed by the amino acid ___ in the ___ nuclei

Answer 25

Tryptophan | Raphe Nuclei

Question 26

What gland contains the highest concentration of 5-HT?

Answer 26

Pineal gland

Question 27

Pineal gland converts 5-HT to ___?

Answer 27

Melatonin

Question 28

Low 5-HT is associated with ___ and ___?

Answer 28

Severe depression | Incoming

Question 29

High 5-HT levels are associated with?

Answer 29

Mania

Question 30

The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain/ CNS is?

Answer 30

Glutamate

Question 31

Glutamate is important in ___ and ___

Answer 31

Learning and memory

Question 32

Excessive glutamate can lead to ___, because it produces ___

Answer 32

Stroke | Neurotoxicity

Question 33

What is the most common inhibitory transmitter?

Answer 33

GABA

Question 34

ATP is the ___ neurotransmitter

Answer 34

1st

Question 35

ATP mediates ___ in astrocytes. Important for ___ generation

Answer 35

Ca | Pain

Question 36

2 types of neuropeptides

Answer 36

Opioid | Non-opioid

Question 37

Non-opioid peptide, important in mediating pain signals

Answer 37

Substance P

Question 38

2 non-opioid substances involved with GI tract

Answer 38

Somatostatin | Cholecystokinin

Question 39

Synthesis of neuropeptides from larger precursors happens in ?

Answer 39

Rough ER

Question 40

2 types of endocannabinoids

Answer 40

2-AG | Anandamide

Question 41

Endocannabinoids are ____ and help with pain

Answer 41

Inhibitory

Question 42

Neurotransmitters can be classified by function:

Answer 42

Effects | Actions

Question 43

Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions. Effects are ___ or ___

Answer 43

Excitatory | Inhibitory

Question 44

Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions. Actions are ___ or ___

Answer 44

Direct | Indirect

Question 45

Neuromodulator paracrines act ___ and quickly

Answer 45

Locally

Question 46

Neuromodulators can act at the ___ of the synapse or in its vicinity

Answer 46

Receptor

Question 47

3 methods of neurotransmitter removal

Answer 47

Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Re-uptake

Question 48

Neurotransmitter agonist is anything that ___ a transmitter’s effects

Answer 48

Enhances

Question 49

Neurotransmitter antagonist is anything that ___ the action of the neurotransmitter.

Answer 49

Blocks