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Embryology > Neurulation and Folding > Flashcards

Neurulation and Folding Flashcards

1
Q

what is neurulation

A

the developmental process that establishes CNS in developing embryo

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2
Q

what does neurulation start with?

A

the development of the notochord

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3
Q

What is neural induction?

A

when the definitive notochord secretes molecules that induces proliferation and differentiations of ectodermal cells above the notochord, giving rise to the neural plate and neuroectoderm

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4
Q

what is the neural plate formed from?

A

thickening of the overlaying ectoderm

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5
Q

where does the neuroectoderm extend from?

A

extends cranially from the primitive node and overlays the paraxial mesoderm laterally.

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6
Q

what does the ectoderm differntiate into?

A

neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm

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7
Q

what does the neural folds form from?

A

cells at the lateral edge of the neural plate proliferating

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8
Q

where does the neural groove form?

A

between the neural folds (midline)

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9
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

from the gradual fusion of the neural folds at the dorsal midline due to continuing cell proliferation

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10
Q

Explain what happens to the ectoderm as the neural tube forms?

A

The neural folds continue to grow and fold, and neural crest is formed at the lateral edges, and all of the other ectoderm = surface ectoderm

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11
Q

where does neural tube fusion begin to occur? in what direction does it continue?

A

in the future cervical region of the embyro; continues to move cranially and caudally

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12
Q

How does the neual tube communicate to the amnionic cavity?

A

via rostal and caudal neuropores

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13
Q

When is neural tube close complete?

A

week 4

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14
Q

Once the neural tube fusion is complete, which ends is broader, cephalic or caudal?

A

cephalic end is more broad

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15
Q

What are the three expanded regions (brain vesicles) of the cephalic end?

A
  1. proencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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16
Q

what does the proencephalon give rise to?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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17
Q

what does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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18
Q

what type of cells histologically are found in the neural tube?

A

pseudostratified neuroepithelium (lies between the two basal membranes)

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19
Q

WHat are the three zones that develop within the neural tube?

A
  1. ventricular zone
  2. intermediate zone
  3. marginal zone
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20
Q

what types of cells are found in the ventricular zone?

A

proliferating neuronal progenitor cells

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21
Q

what type of cells are found in the intermediate zone?

A

migrating neuroblasts

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22
Q

what type of cells are found in the marginal zone?

A

azons of the developing neurons

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23
Q

what gives rise to all of the neurons and glia of the CNS?

A

neuroepithelium of the neural tube

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24
Q

what does the neural tube represent after it is closed?

A

the developing central nervous system

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25
Q

what happens to the neural crest cells once the neural tube fusion is initated?

A

they lose contact with the neuroectoderm, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, and migrate dorsally and ventrally within the embyro

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26
Q

what is the final destination of the neural crest cells originateing at the trunk?

A

two routes:

  1. dorsal route = skin – become melanocytes of skin and hair follicles
  2. ventral route = give rise to organs (dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic trunk ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, para-aortic ganglia, chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla, and schwann cells)
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27
Q

when do the neural crest cells originiating in the cephalic region of the embryo leave the neural crest?

A

BEFORE neural tube closure

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28
Q

when do the neural crest cells originiating in the trunk region of the embryo leave the neural crest?

A

migrate AFTER neural tube fusion

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29
Q

what is the final destination of the neural crest cells originiating in the cephalic region?

A 
head region; primarily to the developing pharyngeal arches
give rise to the craniofacial skeleton,
CT of face and ventral neck,
cardiac outflow tract
odontoblasts and cementoblasts of the teeth
sensory neurons
glia of cranial ganglia
melanocytes
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30
Q

where do sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia arise from?

A

nerual crest cells of the head region and ectodermal placodes

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31
Q

what do the most rostal neural folds of the telencephalon give rise to?

A

neuroepithelial cells that form ectodermal placodes; NOT neural crest cells

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32
Q

where do motor neurons of the cranial ganglia arise from?

A

neural tube

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33
Q

what are ectodermal placodes

A

condensation of ectodermal cells within the surface ectoderm adjacent to the nueral tube;

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34
Q

what is the function of the ectodermal placodes?

A

development of sensory organs, hypophysis, teeth, and cranial ganglia

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35
Q

what does the olfactory placode give rise to?

A

sensory epithelium of the nose

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36
Q

what does the optic placode give rise to?

A

vesicles that become the lenses of the developing eyes

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37
Q

what does the otic placode give rise to?

A

labyrinth of the inner ear

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38
Q

what placodes give rise to the ameloblasts of the teeth?

A

placodes located on the frontonasal, maxillary, and mandibular processes

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39
Q

what doe the placodes located on the lateral regions of the pharyngeal arches (trigeminal, genticulate, petrosal,nodose placodes) give rise to?

A

sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia

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40
Q

what does the adenohypophyseal placode give rise to?

A

adenohypophysis

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41
Q

where is the adenohypophyseal placode located?

A

rostal to the buccopharyngeal membrane

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42
Q

what does the embryo look like at the end of gastrulation?

A

a flat trilaminar disk

43
Q

What is embryo folding defined by?

A

differential growht of the cephalic, caudal, and lateral regions of the embryo during the FOURTH week of develoment resulting in an embryonic disk that has a cylindrical shape

44
Q

In what week does the embryo folding occur?

A

FOURTH

45
Q

Where does most of the embyronic folding take place? why?

A

on the flexible outer rim of the embryonic disk because the central region is rigid because the notochord and adjacent somites are there

46
Q

What is saggittal folding?

A

folding in the head-to-tail direction (sagittal head and sagittal tail folding)

47
Q

what is transverse folding?

A

folding in the side-to-side (lateral) direction

48
Q

When does neurulation, cephalocaudal and lateral folding take place in relation to one another?

A

at the same time!

49
Q

what leads to repositioning of the rostal embryonic structures during embryo folding?

A

rapid growth of the cranial neural folds rising above the surface of the ectoderm

50
Q

what membranes move to lie ventral and caudal to the developing brain during sagittal head folding?

A

The septum transversum mesenchyme,
cardiogenic mesenchyme,
rostral part of the intraembryonic coelom,
and buccopharyngeal membrane

51
Q

Following head folding, the _________ becomes the most rostral structure of the developing embryo; followed by the _______, _______, and ______.

A

the proencephalon = most rostral, followed by the buccopharyngeal membrane, heart, and septum transversum

52
Q

what forms the foregut ending at the stomodeum?

A

The cephalic end of the ENDODERM folding ventrally and caudally

53
Q

Which folds first, the head or tail (sagittal)?

A

the head

54
Q

what leads to repositioning of the caudal embryonic structures during embryo folding?

A

accelerated growth of the caudal neural folds

55
Q

what membranes/structures move ventrally and rostrally during tail-sagittal folding?

A

the connecting stalk, allantois, and cloacal membrane

56
Q

where do the connecting stalk and allantois lie after sagittal tail folding?

A

they lie rostral to the cloacal membrane and next to the yolk sac

57
Q

what forms the hindgut?

A

the caudal end of the ENDODERM folding ventrally and rostrally

58
Q

What forms the midgut?

A

the portion of the gut lying between the foregut and hind gut and still connected to the yolk sac

59
Q

what are a majority of the cells in the septum transversum destined to be?

A

mesenchyme of the developing liver; later on they also become parts of the epicardium, central portions of the diaphragm, and the esophageal mesentery

60
Q

What happens to the yolk sac during sagittal tail folding?

A
  1. gets pushed out of the embryo proper

2. remains connected to the embryo via vitelline duct that opens into the midgut

61
Q

what forms the umbillical cord?

A

the vitelline duct, associated with allantois and the connecting stalk

62
Q

What does the Intraembryonic coelom form form?

A

differntiation of the lateral plate mesoderm during 3rd week of development

63
Q

what shape does the intraembryonic coelom have at week3

A

horseshoe - like shape with its ends pointing caudally

64
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom surronded by dorsally? ventrally?

A

dorsally: somatopleure
ventrally: splanchnopleure

65
Q

On what side of the embryo does the intraembryonic coelon communicate with the extraembrionic coelom?

A

Both sides!

66
Q

What happens during head fodling in transverse embryonic folding?

A

repositioning of the rostral portion of the intraembryonic cavity ventral to the developing heart; (folding of the rostral portion of the “horseshoe” toward the midline), giving rise to the pericardial cavity

67
Q

How does the pericardial cavity form?

A

from the developing heart descending into the

68
Q

what separates the pericardial cavity from the rest of the intraembryonic coelom (and from the peritoneal cavities)?

A

septum transversum extending dorsally on each side of the developing gut

69
Q

What are the peritoneal cavities represented by during the transverse folding of the embryo?

A

two tubular spaces lying on each side of the developing gut

70
Q

the somatopleure and splanchnopleure grow ____ toward the midline and finally fuse everywehre along the midline except for the ______.

A

ventrally; small opening at the midgut level

71
Q

where is the amnionic cavity located? what does it envelop?

A

surrounds the embryo, forms amnion, envelops the umbillical cord (and embryo)

72
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom divided into during transverse folding?

A

into the pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity; which are connected by the pericardioperitoneal canal

73
Q

what connects the gut to the yolk sac?

A

vitelline duct

74
Q

What leads to the formation of the definitive foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

the midline fusion of the splanchnopleure

75
Q

what are the definitive foregut, midgut, and hindgut, surrounded by?

A

visceral mesoderm

76
Q

what is formed by the fusion of the somatopleure?

A

the ventral body wall

77
Q

what is the ventral body wall covered in?

A

the surface ectoderm (internally)

78
Q

What are the main outcomes of the embryo folding?

A
  1. formation of the gut
  2. maturation of the intraembryonic coelom
  3. formation of the septum transversum
  4. segmentation of the intraembryionic coelom into pericardial and peritoneal cavities
  5. formation of the ventral body wall
  6. formation of the umbilical cord
79
Q

what is the origin of the epidermis on the trunk?

A

surface ectoderm

80
Q

what is the origin of the dermis on the trunk?

A

mesoderm

81
Q

what is the origin of the epidermis on the head and neck?

A

surface ectoderm

82
Q

what is the origin of the dermis of the head and neck?

A

neural crest

83
Q

what is the origin of the lens

A

ectodermal placodes

84
Q

what is the origin of the epithelium of the iris and ciliary body + muslces ?

A

neuroectoderm

85
Q

what is the origin of the retina?

A

neuroectoderm

86
Q

what is the origin of the stroma of the iris and ciliary body?

A

neural crets

87
Q

what is the origin of the inner layer of the tympanic membrane?

A

endoderm

88
Q

what is the origin of the intermediate layer of the tympanic membrane?

A

mesoderm

89
Q

what is the origin of the external layer of the tympanic membrane?

A

surface ectoderm

90
Q

what is the origin of the inner ear

A

extodermal placodes

91
Q

what is the origin of the epithelium of tympanic cavity and audiotry tube

A

endoderm

92
Q

what is the origin of the middle ear ossicles and muscles?

A

neural crest

93
Q

what is the origin of the external ear?

A

surface ectoderm

94
Q

what is the origin of the main body of the thyroid gland?

A

endoderm

95
Q

what is the origin of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A

neural crest

96
Q

what is the origin of the adenohypophysis?

A

ectodermal placodes

97
Q

what is the origin of the neurohypophysis?

A

neuroectoderm

98
Q

what is the origin of the chromaffin cells on the adrenal gland medulla?

A

neural crest

99
Q

what is the origin of the adrenal gland cortex?

A

mesoderm

100
Q

what is the interembryonic coelom lined by internally once the extraembryionic splanchnopleuric and somatoplueric mesoderms are fused? externally?

A

internally: visceral mesoderm
externally: somatic mesoderm

101
Q

what is the function of the umbillical cord?

A

connects the embryo to the placenta

102
Q

what is the gut covered by internally? externally?

A

internally: embryonic endoderm
externally: visceral mesoderm

103
Q

up until what point are neural crest cells produced?

A

up until the diencephalon

Embryology (16 decks)

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