New and improved immune system

Question 1

what are pathogens

Answer 1

microorganisms that cause communicable diseases, trigger an immune response

Question 2

what are the four types of microorganisms that can cause communicable diseases

Answer 2

viruses, bacteria, Protoctista, fungi

Question 3

name two diseases caused by bacteria

Answer 3

smallpox and bacterial meningitis

Question 4

what is the name of the disease caused by bacteria that kills tomatoes and potatoes

Answer 4

ring rot

Question 5

what are the two methods of direct transmission of pathogens between animals

Answer 5

direct contact and droplets

Question 6

what are the two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between animals

Answer 6

vectors, ingestion of contaminated food and water

Question 7

name four vectors which may transmit a pathogen from an infected individual

Answer 7

organisms, water, air and spores

Question 8

Name four factors which can increase the chances of transmission of a communicable disease between humans.

Answer 8

1. population density of an area
2. A lack of trained healthcare workers
3. A lack of health education
4. Climate change

Question 9

what are two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between plants

Answer 9

soil contamination and vectors

Question 10

Name three factors which can affect transmission of a communicable disease between plants.

Answer 10

1. Growing crops susceptible to infection
2. Growing crops in damp and warm environments
3. overcrowding in soil

Question 11

Give three examples of physical barriers which help plants prevent the entry of pathogens.

Answer 11

1.Waxy cuticles
2.Closing stomata
3.Thick cellulose cell walls

Question 12

Name two methods used by plants to prevent the spread of infection

Answer 12

To prevent the spread of infection, plants produce callose or detach the infected part in a process called abscission.

Question 13

Where is callose deposited to help prevent the spread of a pathogen in a plant?

Answer 13

Callose is deposited between the cell surface membrane and the cell wall.

Question 14

how chemicals produced by plants help defend against pathogens

Answer 14

by killing and repelling them, or preventing their growth

Question 15

what are the three main barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body in humans

Answer 15

skin, mucous membranes and expulsive reflexes

Question 16

Name two defence mechanisms, other than barrier defences, which prevent pathogens entering the body in animals.

Answer 16

Blood clotting and wound repair.

Question 17

how does inflammation help defend against pathogens

Answer 17

blood vessels dilate which makes them more permeable and allows fluid to enter, this allows more blood to come in which contains white blood cells to help defend against the pathogen

Question 18

where do B and T cells come from in humans

Answer 18

the bone marrow

Question 19

where do the T cells mature

Answer 19

the thymus

Question 20

what happens when a naive B cells first encounters a pathogen

Answer 20

its receptors bind to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen, it then internalises it and breaks it down and presents the antigens on its surface

Question 21

what happens to the APCs

Answer 21

helper T cells bind to the antigens and release interleukins which stimulate the B cell to clone itself

Question 22

what cells do clone B cells differentiate into

Answer 22

plasma cells or memory B cells

Question 23

what is the immune response involving the B and T cells called

Answer 23

the specific immune response

Question 24

what do plasma cells secrete

Answer 24

antibodies

Question 25

in an antibody what bonds holed together the chains

Answer 25

disulfide bridges

Question 26

where is the light chain on an antigen

Answer 26

the small ones on the outside

Question 27

what is an antibody

Answer 27

a specific protein secreted by plasma cells, produced by naive B cells in the response to the presence of a specific antigen

Question 28

how long does a typical plasma cell live for

Answer 28

a few days

Question 29

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 29

antibodies with the same tertiary structure produced from clone B cells

Question 30

what is formed when an antibody binds to an antigen

Answer 30

an antigen-antibody complex

Question 31

what is agglutination

Answer 31

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, causing them to clump together. Enables phagocytes to engulf multiple pathogens

Question 32

what are the three main functions of antibodies

Answer 32

1. agglutination 2. act as opsonins 3. Anti-toxins

Question 33

how do antibodies act as opsonins

Answer 33

they bind to antigens on the pathogen and receptors on the phagocyte which allows them to engulf the pathogen

Question 34

how do antibodies act as anti-toxins

Answer 34

they bind to the toxins and prevent them from functioning

Question 35

how long can memory b cells live for

Answer 35

years

Question 36

how is the memory B cell response to pathogens different

Answer 36

produces a greater concentration of antibodies

Question 37

what can memory b cells differentiate into

Answer 37

plasma cells or more memory b cells

Question 38

what is the entire immune response known as which involves the primary and secondary response

Answer 38

the humoral response

Question 39

what do killer T cells do

Answer 39

they bind to the antigens on infected body cells and release perforin which creates holes in the surface of the cells membrane which causes it to die

Question 39

what are the four roles of cloned helper t cells

Answer 39

1. Stimulate b cells to clone 2. Stimulate phagocytosis 3. Stimulate killer t cells 4. Develop into memory t cells

Question 40

what is the immune response called which relies on antigen presenting cells

Answer 40

the cell mediated response

Question 41

what stimulates a naive helper t cell to clone itself

Answer 41

when it binds to an antigen on an antigen presenting cell

Question 42

what do the humoral response and the cell mediated response make

Answer 42

the specific immune response