New - Ch 6 (NoteLM)

Question 1

Open-Ended Questions

Answer 1

Survey questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words, providing unrestricted and detailed responses.

Question 2

Closed-Ended Questions:

Answer 2

Survey questions that provide a limited set of response options from which respondents must choose.

Question 3

Forced-Choice Questions:

Answer 3

Closed-ended questions that require respondents to select from a limited set of options, often presenting two contrasting viewpoints.

Question 4

Likert Scale

Answer 4

A type of closed-ended question format that measures respondents’ agreement with a statement using a numerical scale anchored by adjectives (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree).

Question 5

Semantic Differential Format

Answer 5

A question format that asks respondents to rate a target object on a numerical scale with opposing adjectives at each end (e.g., good to bad).

Question 6

Leading Question

Answer 6

A question worded in a way that suggests a particular answer or viewpoint, potentially biasing respondents’ responses.

Question 7

Double-Barreled Question:

Answer 7

A question that combines two or more issues into a single question, making it difficult to determine which part the respondent is answering.

Question 8

Response Set

Answer 8

A pattern of responding to survey questions in a consistent but potentially inaccurate way, such as always agreeing or disagreeing.

Question 9

Acquiescence

Answer 9

A type of response set where respondents agree with all items, regardless of content. Also known as “yea-saying.”

Question 10

Fence Sitting:

Answer 10

A response set where individuals consistently choose neutral responses, avoiding extreme positions.

Question 11

Socially Desirable Responding:

Answer 11

Responding to questions in a way that presents oneself in a positive or socially acceptable light, even if those responses are not entirely truthful.

Question 12

Faking Bad:

Answer 12

The opposite of socially desirable responding, where respondents intentionally present themselves negatively.

Question 13

Observational Data:

Answer 13

Information collected by systematically watching and recording behaviors or events.

Question 14

Narrative Records:

Answer 14

Detailed descriptions of behaviors observed during an observation session.

Question 15

Checklists:

Answer 15

Predetermined lists of behaviors or events that observers mark or tally as they occur.

Question 16

Temporal Measures:

Answer 16

Measurements related to time, such as duration (how long a behavior lasts) or latency (the time between an event and a response).

Question 17

Rating Scales:

Answer 17

Scales used by observers to assess the quality or intensity of a behavior along a continuum.

Question 18

Observer Bias

Answer 18

When an observer’s expectations or hypotheses influence their interpretation of observed behaviors.

Question 19

Observer Effects:

Answer 19

When an observer unintentionally influences participants’ behaviors to align with their expectations. Also known as “expectancy effects.”

Question 20

Reactivity

Answer 20

Changes in participants’ behavior due to their awareness of being observed.

Question 21

Masked Design (Blind Design):

Answer 21

A research design where observers are unaware of the study’s hypotheses or the conditions to which participants are assigned, minimizing observer bias and effects.

Question 22

Codebook

Answer 22

A detailed guide used in observational research to define and standardize how behaviors or events should be coded, ensuring consistency and reliability across observers.

Question 23

What is a Likert scale and provide an example?

Answer 23

A Likert scale is a closed-ended question format that asks respondents to rate their level of agreement with a statement using a numerical scale anchored by adjectives. Example: “Rate your agreement with the following statement: I find this class engaging.” 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree.

Question 24

Explain the difference between observer bias and observer effects. Provide an example of each.

Answer 24

Observer bias occurs when researchers’ expectations influence how they interpret participants’ behaviors. Example: A researcher expecting a treatment to reduce anxiety might rate participants in the treatment group as less anxious, even if there’s no real difference. Observer effects occur when researchers unintentionally change participants’ behavior to match their expectations. Example: A researcher smiling and making eye contact more often with a treatment group might lead those participants to behave more positively.

Question 25

What is a double-barreled question? Why should they be avoided in research?

Answer 25

A double-barreled question asks about two or more issues in a single question. Example: "Do you find this class interesting and useful?". They should be avoided because respondents might agree with one part but not the other, making it unclear which part they are responding to.

Question 26

Define two types of temporal measures used in observational research and give an example of each.

Answer 26

**Duration**: This measures the amount of time a behavior lasts. Example: Timing how long a child engages in a tantrum. **Latency**: This measures the time between an event and a behavior. Example: Measuring how long it takes a participant to respond to a stimulus in a reaction time task.

Question 27

What are two advantages of using open-ended questions in survey research?

Answer 27

Open-ended questions allow for rich, spontaneous answers, and they don't impose the researcher's own categories or ideas onto the respondents. This can provide more detailed and unexpected insights.

Question 28

What is acquiescence and how can researchers control for it?

Answer 28

Acquiescence is a type of response set where participants agree with all items on a scale, regardless of content. Researchers can control for this by using reverse-worded items, which force respondents to think more carefully about their answers.

Question 29

Describe two ways to reduce reactivity in observational research.

Answer 29

Blending in: Researchers can make themselves less conspicuous to minimize their impact on participants' behavior. Using unobtrusive data: Instead of observing behavior directly, researchers can analyze physical traces or archival data.

Question 30

What is the purpose of a codebook in observational research?

Answer 30

A codebook provides precise descriptions of how variables are operationalized and how behaviors should be coded. This helps ensure that observers are making consistent and objective judgments, increasing the reliability and validity of the observations.

Question 31

Explain the concept of "faking bad" in self-report measures and provide an example.

Answer 31

Faking bad refers to when respondents intentionally present themselves in a negative light, exaggerating problems or behaviors. Example: A respondent might exaggerate their anxiety symptoms on a questionnaire to appear more unwell or receive more attention.

Question 32

What is a semantic differential format question? Give an example.

Answer 32

A semantic differential format question asks respondents to rate a target object on a numerical scale anchored by opposing adjectives. Example: Rate your impression of this brand on the following scale: Innovative (1) to Traditional (7).